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中苏关系破裂的关键:苏方扬言让毛泽东下台

2016-04-25 15:18:05   人民网

接下来,中国党政代表团同苏共领导人勃列日涅夫、波德戈尔内、柯西金、米高扬、安德罗波夫等举行正式会谈。周恩来请苏方解释赫鲁晓夫被解职的原因,勃列日涅夫对此敷衍搪塞,没有正面回答。在周恩来不依不饶的追问之下,勃列日涅夫不得不说:赫鲁晓夫下台,是由于赫鲁晓夫工作作风、领导方法引起的,而苏共的路线、纲领是不可破坏,毫不动摇的。在谈到赫鲁晓夫下台前曾决定于12月15日召开26国党起草委员会以及于1965年年中召开兄弟党国际会议等问题时,周恩来说,起草委员会的组成、会议的日期、程序事先都没有同中共协商,这实际上是赫鲁晓夫下的单方面命令。中共不同意召开这个会议,也不参加这个会议。而勃列日涅夫仍然坚持按照既定的方针召开会议,他和缓地说,只有开会才能消除分歧,别无他途。米高扬索性说:“在同中共的思想分歧上,我们同赫鲁晓夫完全没有分歧,甚至没有细微的差别。”对此,周恩来表示,你们党所设想的兄弟党国际会议,即打算在12月15日召开的非法会议,我们绝不参加,如果你们一定要开,你们有你们的自由;在你们继续执行赫鲁晓夫那一套不变,中苏两党、各兄弟党间的原则分歧解决前,谈不到停止公开论战。会谈一下子就没有了回旋余地。

11月13日,中国代表团离开莫斯科回国。在赴机场途中,柯西金还是对周恩来含蓄地说:我们同赫鲁晓夫还是有所不同的,不然,为什么要解除他的职务呢?柯西金还提议举行苏中两党高级会谈,商量两党改善关系的办法。周恩来表示,将向中共中央转达苏共中央的这个建议。11月14日,周恩来返回北京,毛泽东破例率中共中央政治局常委亲赴机场迎接。

1965年3月,中共中央拒绝参加苏共召开的各国共产党和工人党协商会议。

勃列日涅夫一直不希望中苏关系决裂,他于1966年2月24日以苏共中央的名义致信中共中央和毛泽东,邀请中共派代表团出席将于3月29日召开的苏共二十三大。1966年3月,中共复信苏共,决然表示不参加苏共二十三大。从此,中苏两党关系中断。

到上世纪60年代末70年代初,中苏两国都处在视对方为战争威胁的状态之中,一时之间,核战争的乌云密布。70年代中期,中苏两国关系中还发生过“间谍飞机”事件。苏联一架直升机误入我新疆境内,被当作间谍飞机抓获,并公开报道宣传。

但是,最紧张的危险关系之中,却孕育着走向和解的可能性,军事是政治的选择方式;同样,接触、协商,是政治的更好方式,别无他法。从1964年到1982年中苏两国长达18年的紧张关系,终于到了拐点。

1976年,勃列日涅夫领导的苏共中央作出了改善两党两国关系的积极姿态

1976年9月,毛泽东逝世后,勃列日涅夫领导的苏共中央作出了促进发展中苏良好关系的缓和姿态。苏联的宣传媒体暂时停止了对中共的攻击宣传。苏联共产党向中国共产党发来了一则简短的唁电,这是中苏两国1965年后11年来首次的直接联系。唁电没有能够在中国报刊上刊登,因为当时两党之间没有任何关系(与尚存的两国之间的外交关系不同)。但中国报刊简短报道了苏联部长会议第一副主席基马祖罗夫、部长会议副主席阿尔希波夫、外交部长安葛罗米柯曾于9月13日到莫斯科中国大使馆吊唁并在吊唁簿上签名的消息。1976年10月1日,《真理报》发表了署名为I·亚历山柯夫的文章,声称:“我们的国家正准备在没有任何先决条件下为解决边界问题而同中国举行谈判。苏联过去从来没有,现在也没有对中国的经济、领土和其他方面有什么要求……”

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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