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揭秘明朝民间“自宫潮” :严刑也难禁止

2016-04-25 15:11:31   人民网

在很长的时间里,内监的权势都盖过大臣。举个例子,成化二十一年,官员许澣路遇内监邓才濩没有避让,双方发生冲突,许把邓给揍了。这件事的结果是许澣被下锦衣卫监狱,后来又转到司礼监处置,挨了三十大板。万历三十年,礼部官员敖文桢路过宣武门时,正好遇到三个喝了大酒、正骑着马乱闯的内监。三个宦官不仅“醉驾”,还对敖文桢破口大骂,把他的轿子砸得稀烂。敖吓得躲到了门官的家里,派人向锦衣卫求救。没想到锦衣卫官兵到来后,内监们居然“袭警”,把锦衣卫也给打了。为什么敢如此“寻衅滋事”?因为他们是郑贵妃的人。

明朝的内监有一套完整的官阶制度,实际在宫中形成了另一个“政府”,如司礼太监,其作用几乎相当于“次相”,而御马太监,则涉及兵权。司礼太监手下还有一群自称为“内翰”的小内监,是以翰林院、智囊自居了。内监们的作用可不仅在宫里,外出监军、出使和宣封外国、掌管财政税收,甚至搞特务机构(东厂),气焰压倒锦衣卫,哪儿都有他们的身影。

在具体的待遇上,内监们也好过大臣。比如蟒衣,跟皇帝的龙袍差不多,就是少个爪子,以前是赐给国外的君主的,至尊国礼。后来就发展到赏给司礼太监,再后来才发展到赐给大臣。再比如皇帝经常赐给太监私印,大太监冯保就得到过一枚,上面刻着“光明正大”。

争当太监,也并不一定光为了自己改变命运——很多人还考虑到整个家族。太监曹吉祥的干儿子、侄子,都因为他的缘故做了官。也就是说,内监们自己没后不要紧,亲戚孩子能就此得个一官半职,也算是给家族做了贡献。位置多、机会广,难怪人人趋之若鹜。

面上抓得严,但稀里糊涂进宫的自宫者仍然不少。明英宗正统年间,福建总兵陈懋,进净身男百八人,收之。云南黔国公沐斌家有年幼阉者十六人,进了司礼监。景泰年间,福建镇守内监戴细保送净身“小口”五十九人,进了司礼监。瞧,制度有漏洞,自己立的规矩,自己都不遵守。

就算风声紧,自宫的人们不能在京城呆着了,无法往宫里混了,那还能去各地的王爷家,甚至公侯家,所谓有需求就有自宫。景泰年间,永兴王朱志濮私收阉者十四人,被皇帝下诏谴责,十四人没收进司礼监。此后大臣藩府有违禁阉割的,往往依照此例,只批评收人,不问罪。当然也有倒霉的——万历年间,黔国公沐昌祚,就被举报“私阉男子”,据说他家里有二十个“内使”。加上还有纵容下人贪虐等罪名,他被皇上点名斩了。

可以说,改变命运的迫切、律法规定的变通以及庞大的市场需求,成就了禁令下愈发汹涌的自宫潮流。

自宫千般好,就一点不好,不能行男女之事。

没有性生活这条,是内监们的硬伤。但凡事无绝对,有钱了什么干不成?

从汉朝开始,就有宦官和宫女配对的,叫“对食”。不过到了明太祖朱元璋的年代,对内监管得极严,严禁娶妻,违者剥皮。这个规矩,到了朱元璋的子孙那里,就自己给废了。一直反对自宫的宣宗,对自己身边的内监却宠爱有加,有个内监叫陈芜,在宣宗没当皇帝时就跟着他,感情不是一般好,宣宗一上位,陈芜立刻赐名王瑾,升御马监太监,各种赏赐绵延不绝,其中就包括赐给他宫女为夫人——而且是两个。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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