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揭秘明朝民间“自宫潮” :严刑也难禁止

2016-04-25 15:11:31   人民网

明代宦官铜像 资料图

明仁宗朱高炽刚刚即位的时候遇到一件事:长沙一个平民自宫了,自宫之后,就请求进宫当内侍。这是件小事,却引起了皇帝的反感。朱高炽对此事的回应是:游荡懒惰之人,忍心自绝于父母,怎么能随侍在皇帝身边?让他当兵戍边去吧。

明朝初年开始,皇室急剧膨胀,对太监的需求多了起来,自宫成了很多人改变命运的阶梯。自己断绝命根,似乎是一种优势,可以找一个体面的工作,甚至还有升官发财的可能。洪武元年,明朝刚建立时,内监官只有正五品,后来甚至降到正六品,地位品级还不如宫中的女官。但洪武二十八年正式给内监定级,为正四品。此后,内监(其首领为太监)形成了自己一套官僚体系,自宫一路,就可以与读书人科考媲美了。自宫做“官”的成本,要比读书低得多,自宫改变命运,与读书改变命运一样,成了激发全民上进的鸡汤。

不仅是普通百姓的子弟有人选择自宫,就连军人的子弟,也开始加入“自宫潮”。在刚处理完长沙自宫一事后,朱高炽又接到了奏本,上奏者是兴州左屯卫(河北迁安一代)军余(类似于现在的预备役之类)徐翊,说自己的儿子已经自宫,并且当上了内监,请求除掉自己的军籍。这回皇帝真生气了,批复说:为父教子,为子养亲。你儿子自伤身体、背亲恩、绝人道,根源就在你。让你儿子从宫里出去服兵役吧。

老这么处理细琐的事情不是事儿。皇帝对刑部尚书金纯等发指令:今后再有自宫的人,坚决不能宽恕。又找来大学士杨士奇等人,指示要下诏书严禁自宫,顺带连宫刑都禁了。

可是,自宫这个风潮,并没有因为仁宗的反感而消失。到了宣宗朝,又有任本等几个军民,自宫求用。宣宗皇帝朱瞻基说,先皇在的时候,自宫的人都发去戍边去交趾(越南)了,怎么这帮人还这么胆大妄为?那就按例全发遣了。

此后的明朝历代皇帝,坚持了严禁自宫的政策,违犯者均戍边。明英宗正统十三年,江西的樊侃、陕西的李回汉分别伪称生病、坠马导致失去生殖器,实为自宫,违背禁令,均发配铁岭充军。明景帝景泰三年,皇帝又下令给礼部尚书胡濙:闻民间自宫者太多,可将犯禁令者自宫后投奔王府的,按旧例以不孝罪名处置。明孝宗弘治六年,军人马英的妻子罗氏,私宫儿子马五,事发后罗氏被判斩刑。当时刑部官员王嘉庆等人觉得太重,建议改为杖刑,结果皇帝大怒,不但罗氏依旧处斩,王嘉庆等人也被贬官外放。明武宗正德年间,更是多次重申,自宫者私自留在京城的一律处死。当时有自宫被捕者十二人,本应处死,因为年纪太小没有施刑,但也没有释放,就一直关在牢里。

禁止自宫的政策几乎贯穿了整个明朝,可是,“自宫潮”并没有停止,反倒是愈禁愈烈了。

榜样的力量是无穷的。

如果当上内监,只是为了有个工作,混口饭吃,未必就能蛊惑那么多人冒着充军、杀头的危险,付出断子绝孙的代价,向自己的小弟弟挥出那一刀。真正的刺激,恐怕正来自那些发出禁令的皇帝们。仔细看一看就知道了,很多发禁令最狠的皇帝,身边都有一个威震全国的太监——比如明英宗身边的王振,直接导致了土木堡之变,大军被歼灭,皇帝被俘。此人在英宗复辟后还被“平反”,纪念得极富荣耀。再比如英宗后期的太监曹吉祥,差一点就谋夺了大明的帝位。明宪宗时代的汪直、明武宗时代的刘瑾、谷大用等人,以及明神宗时期的冯保等等,个个呼风唤雨,不仅自己能疯狂敛财,过着锦衣玉食的生活,还能左右政局、控制大臣后宫藩王乃至皇帝。虽然免不了最终的身败名裂,但获取的利益是明摆着的。皇帝们对大臣的厌烦与不信任,都转变成对内监满满的爱,这才是导致大家疯狂自宫最主要的原因。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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