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中印之战:张国华为何称“根本不要考虑伤亡”

2016-04-22 14:40:29   人民网

中印战争(资料图)

本文摘自《红墙见证录》,尹家民著,当代中国出版社,2009年11月版

面对赫鲁晓夫的偏袒,毛泽东表情严肃

四十多年前,在祖国西部边疆,曾一度狼烟四起、风声鹤唳。印度政府置中印两国人民的传统友谊于不顾,悍然挑起一场大规模侵犯中国领土的战争。中国政府被迫进行了一场短促而有限的自卫反击战,全胜收兵。自此以后,西部边疆保持了数十年的相对稳定。当年在中国最高指挥部,毛泽东主席亲自指挥了这场反击战。当战斗硝烟渐渐散去,西线恢复平静,毛泽东回首战事,不仅感慨道:“这一次我就参加了。总理、少奇同志、小平同志、军委的同志,我们都参加了,我们是在北京,没有上前线就是了。”

凡事总有一个过程。中印边界冲突也不是一天两天的事。

早在建国之初,即便在中印关系最友好的年月里,印方也有过一些不友好的举动。1951年,印方乘中国抗美援朝,无暇西顾之际,抢占了中印边境东段“麦克马洪线”以南的9万平方公里中国领土,接着又占领了边境中段部分中国领土。得知消息后,毛泽东出于对中印的传统友谊和根本利益考虑,对印方的寻衅滋事一直保持克制和忍让态度。1954年10月尼赫鲁总理应邀访华,受到中国政府的隆重接待。毛泽东对尼赫鲁谈中印友好的同时,也谈到两国间的分歧,当面表示:“朋友之间有时也有分歧,有时也吵架,甚至吵到面红耳赤,但是这种吵架同我们和杜勒斯的吵架,是有性质上的不同的。……中印签订了关于西藏问题的协定,这有利于消除引起怀疑、妨碍合作的因素。我们共同宣布了五项原则,这也是很好的。”毛泽东心中十分清楚:“中国不会这样蠢,东方树敌于美国,西方又树敌于印度。我们不能有两个重点,我们不能把友人当敌人,这是我们的国策。几年来,特别是最近两三个月,我们两国之间的吵架,不过是两国千年万年友好过程中的一个插曲而已。”毛泽东亲笔写下的这段话,于1959年5月间通过中国驻印度大使潘自力转达给了印度方面,等于向印度交了“底”,目的就是一个,希望印方自重,和平共处。

但是印度当局对好言相劝置若罔闻,短暂的沉寂之后,又开始了新一轮蚕食中国领土的行动。1959年8月25日,在中印边界东段的朗久发生了双方军队的第一次武装冲突。10月,印度又在西段挑起了空喀山冲突。

一向视领土为血肉的毛泽东不能再沉默了。尽管中苏关系已经恶化,他还是愿意向他们客观地通报情况,以便得到他们的理解。

10月2日,中苏领导人在中南海颐年堂举行正式会谈。中方出席的有毛泽东、刘少奇、周恩来、朱德、陈毅等。苏方除赫鲁晓夫外,参加会谈的有苏斯洛夫、葛罗米柯、波诺马廖夫和安德罗波夫。会谈的中心议题就是中印边界冲突问题。

赫鲁晓夫好似公正地说:“你们中国应该和印度搞好关系,印度是一个中立国,尼赫鲁是比较开明的,应该团结他。发生中印边境军事冲突是不对的。由于领土争执而发动战争是不值得的。”

后来被赫鲁晓夫诬称为“中共放出来的一只虎”的陈毅首先站起来反驳:“你怎么能这样说呢?分明是印度挑起这场冲突。印度军队越过其边界,也越过麦克马洪线,在中国边境内建立哨所,向中国边防军开枪。”

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