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揭秘解放战争:国共双方大量使用日俘充作炮灰

2016-04-22 14:34:41   人民网

资料图:太原外围战中被中共俘虏的阎锡山留用日军一部。最前戴眼镜者系阎部炮兵少将副队长山田岩。

来源:人民网-文史参考,作者:纪彭、赵光强

1945年8月,抗日战争以中国的胜利告终。此时,中国大地上尚有数百万的日军和日侨。据不完全统计,中国战区(不包括东北三省)等待遣返的日俘、日侨共计200.16万余人。加上后来沈阳日侨联络总处统计的东北待遣返日俘、日侨约110万人,整个中国的日本人总数在310万以上。这是一笔巨大的人力资源,对于这些日本人,国共双方都曾加以使用。

蒋介石命令日军替他占好地盘

日本投降后,蒋介石企图利用侵华总司令冈村宁次手下的百万日军,“保持现有态势”——拒中共武装部队于敌占区之外,将日军所有武器装备及沦陷区一切,悉数为他的军队所接收。为此,蒋介石通告各战区,重点在于警告日伪军,不得向国民政府已指定之军事长官以外任何人投降缴械,并对伪军策动反正,迅即确保联络掌握,令其先期控制要点要线,以待国民党军到达。

抗战胜利时,国民党的大量军队部署在西南后方,向日伪主要占领区的华东和华北调动需要时间,而中共则因其敌后根据地与日伪占领区直接相邻而有先机地利。这样,如何确保能够顺利接收收复区,不使中共因其地利而抢先接收,便成了国民政府即时因应战后时局的当务之急。因此,国民政府决定利用日伪力量稳定收复区的形势,等待其接收军队到来。

8月18日,蒋介石命令陆军总司令何应钦,“承本委员长之命”,处理在中国战区内之全部敌军投降事宜,并特别要求日伪军“如对非指定之部队”擅自投降,“得由陆军总司令下令以武力制裁之”。本此精神何应钦在致冈村宁次的命令中强调:“凡非蒋委员长或本总司令所指定之部队指挥官,日本陆海空军不得向其投降缴械,及接洽交出地区与交出任何物资。”这就意味着蒋介石希望日军帮他暂时守住华北和华东,等待国民政府军队的接收。

9月10日,何应钦在南京受降仪式后首次召见冈村宁次,再次强调日军一切武器必须完整交给指定部队。冈村宁次表示,日军武器完全缴交中国中央政府,决不交与其他任何地方部队。为防止中共军队在国民政府军队到达北方之前获得先机。何应钦尤其要求日军注意保持地方秩序,他命令冈村宁次:“查河北山东两省因指定接收部队尚未到达,土匪乘机蜂起,势益猖獗。该两省境内日军暂缓集中,仍应保持以前态势,负责巩固要点要线,恢复铁道交通,并维持地方秩序。”希望日军继续维持秩序,保证将一个完整的华北交付给国民政府。

除了利用日本战俘为其占好地盘,蒋介石还为冈村宁次开脱罪责甚至聘其为顾问。日本投降后,东条英机等战犯在东京落入法网,但国民党政府却照样承认败军之将冈村宁次的指挥权,并给予其优厚待遇以表示“亲近”、“友好”,使其为己所用,结成反共盟友。蒋介石还向冈村宁次咨询长江防务问题,1948年12月7日下午,京沪杭警备总司令汤恩伯在蒋介石的指示下,把冈村宁次请到其私宅,就“共军渡江”请冈村宁次“发表高见”。冈村宁次根据自己长期以来对长江下游军事要地的研究,摆出一副高深莫测的模样,毫不客气地操起教鞭,指指点点,滔滔不绝地陈述了有关防守长江的意见。汤恩伯频频点头,他的参谋人员则一一用笔记下。1949年元旦,汤恩伯还携带礼品向冈村宁次祝贺66岁生日,并再次与之交换了关于江防的战略战术。蒋介石退居台湾后,派人前往日本意欲聘请冈村宁次为军事顾问,在冈村宁次的帮助下,蒋介石以10万美金的巨款,在日本招募了98名参加过侵华战争的将校组成“白鸿亮团”,前往台湾训练国民党军队,协助蒋介石重建反攻大陆的武装,制订反攻大陆的作战计划。1961年6月17日,冈村宁次以日本军事顾问团总负责人身份秘密前往台湾,后来蒋介石又聘请其为台湾“革命实践研究院”特级教官。与那些被绑赴刑场、验名正身后被枪决、被送上绞刑架的战犯相比,冈村宁次的运气的确是好得多。

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