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斯大林权力终结:逝世前就已失势 高层威胁兵变

2016-04-22 14:32:39   人民网

斯大林看罢这封信后怒不可遏,当即将主席团的成员召集到克里姆林宫。告密信,不管是否署名,在20世纪四五十年代的前苏联都不是新鲜物什,它可以是无中生有,可以是造谣诬蔑。斯大林用激动的语调读完这封信,在场的官员一个个缄默不语,他们不知道告密信所说是否属实,但他们本能地察觉到,一场关于医生的“大清洗”即将展开,当然,清洗的对象不只是医生。

与会的主席团成员谁也不敢保证,自己不会被这场“大清洗”牵扯进去,在斯大林时代的克里姆林宫,地位越高,人越危险。在疑心重的斯大林那里,凡事宁可信其有,不可信其无。斯大林知道自己的老同事、老伙伴中不乏觊觎国家大权的,认为这些人大有可能买通克里姆林宫的医生,谋害他堂堂国家总书记的性命。

维诺格拉多夫医生很快被逮捕入狱,一些在克里姆林宫名望甚高的医学教授也未能幸免。斯大林亲自参与了对医生们的审讯,这些医生万万想不到,这个自己曾尽心尽力照顾、救治过的人,竟会摆出凶神恶煞般的面孔。在斯大林的命令下,医生们被铐上了手铐,遭受酷刑拷问。没多久,医生们就都像斯大林希望的那样,一一“招供”。

1953年1月3日,这起“医生案件”的审讯结果在前苏联的各大报纸上披露。若干和克里姆林宫打过交道的医学教授都被看作是美国人派入前苏联的特务,被认为是奉西方国家的命,来谋害前苏联领导人的性命。那因心脏病突发而英年早逝的政治家、斯大林的女婿日丹诺夫(编者按:日丹诺夫是斯大林的儿女亲家,并非女婿),以及死于酒精中毒的、经常到孔策沃别墅参加晚餐会的谢尔巴科夫,都被说成维诺格拉多夫等人害死的。《真理报》信誓旦旦地称,这些用心险恶的医生大多是犹太人,通过一个国际性的犹太人组织和美国方面联系,并称若不是被揭发得早,这些黑心医生还会对华西列夫斯基元帅等军事将领下手,旨在破坏前苏联的国防建设。

至于写揭发信的莉季亚·季玛舒克则被当成前苏联英雄,受到铺天盖地的赞扬,前苏联最高苏维埃主席团在1953年1月21日,奖励给季玛舒克一枚列宁勋章。

起初,人们并不相信这些德高望重的医生竟会不顾职业道德残害病人,且害的还都是前苏联的大人物。但架不住舆论的大肆宣传,看着医生们的“口供”,越来越多善良的人相信,这些医生就是打扮成天使模样的魔鬼。“医生案件”发生时,科涅夫元帅正在生病,看着报纸上触目惊心的报道,这位久经沙场的老元帅也怀疑起自己的贴身医生,还给斯大林写了封信,说自己用的似乎正是当年害死日丹诺夫的药品。

其实,莉季亚·季玛舒克的那封信,只是医生们厄运的导火索,尽管斯大林本性多疑,但要想让斯大林相信医生们有谋害国家领导人的企图,非常需要一些铺垫。日丹诺夫之死就是这个铺垫。日丹诺夫是斯大林极其钟爱的政治理论家,在1948年8月31日病死,由于去世时还很年轻,关于日丹诺夫的死因,克里姆林宫中曾议论了好一阵。1949年7月2日,67岁的保加利亚共产党总书记季米特洛夫在莫斯科病逝。斯大林调查后发现,日丹诺夫和季米特洛夫的医生居然是一个人--鲍里斯·科甘。

在一般人看来,医生的病人死了,是非常正常的事,再好的医生也有回天乏术的时候。但斯大林不这么想,1949年,斯大林也是个身体一日不如一日的老人了,多疑的性格和对健康的担忧交杂在一起,导致了他对医生的严重怀疑。1949年的一天,维诺格拉多夫在给斯大林检查完身体后,好心告诫斯大林“停止一切活动,安静修养”,然而,这一建议在斯大林眼中就变成了“阴谋夺权”。斯大林登时想到列宁病重时,那些窥探着列宁权力的人,是怎样拿着医生的“让列宁同志停止一切活动”的建议,将列宁隔绝开来的。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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