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斯大林劝国共和谈:战争会将中华民族毁灭一半

2016-04-20 14:54:03   人民网

与此同时,斯大林又有电来,担保毛泽东赴渝之安全。(见《在历史巨人身边——师哲回忆录》,第308页。)

至此,毛泽东不能不于24日复电蒋介石,表示“极愿与先生会见,商讨和平建国大计,俟飞机到,恩来同志立即赴渝晋谒,弟亦准备随即赴渝”。(《毛泽东复蒋主席告即日赴渝电》,1945年8月24日,《中华民国重要史料初编》第七编(二),第30页。)

对于苏联力劝国共和谈的做法,中共中央在8月22日有过一种估计。它告诉全党称:“苏联为中、苏条约所限制及为维持远东和平,不可能援助我们。蒋介石利用其合法地位,接受敌军投降,敌伪只能将城市及交通要道交给蒋介石。在此种形势下,我军应改变方针,除个别地点仍可占领外,一般应以相当兵力威胁大城市及广大乡村,扩大并巩固解放区,发动群众斗争,并注意训练军队,准备应付新局面,作持久打算。”《中央、军委关于改变战略方针夺取小城市及广大乡村的指示》,1945年8月22日。次日,中共中央召开政治局会议,毛泽东明确表示理解苏联的做法。他指出,在现在的国际形势下苏联与美英等国家之间明显存在着严重的矛盾和分歧,但是大战刚过,不能再有第三次世界大战是肯定的。苏联在中国如助我,美必助蒋,结果大战必然要爆发,世界和平即不能取得。因此,苏美之间已确定了各自的势力范围。正如苏联在欧洲可以援助保加利亚却不能援助在英国势力范围之内的希腊一样,中国关内是美国的势力范围,因此,苏联不帮助我们可能比帮助我们对中国人民更有利。我们只能承认这个事实。(转见杨奎松《中间地带的革命》,第399~400页。)

毛泽东的上述判断,应当说是准确的。早在1944年,斯大林与丘吉尔就欧洲战后美英与苏联势力范围的划分,达成了一个所谓“百分比协定”,规定苏联可以对近邻的东欧国家,包括波兰、罗马尼亚、捷克斯洛伐克、匈牙利、保加利亚与南斯拉夫等施以影响,而苏联则承认包括巴尔干半岛的希腊在内的欧洲其他地方的国家属于美英的势力范围。这也就是毛泽东所说的苏联援助保加利亚共产党却不援助希腊共产党的原因所在。事实上,对于不在自己势力范围以内的共产党力量,斯大林这时的基本策略是要求他们“走法国式的道路”,即放弃武装,转入和平的议会斗争。法国在战争结束时,共产党领导的游击队和民兵拥有占据优势的力量,但因为英美只承认戴高乐将军组建的政府,因此苏联方面坚持法共必须与之合作。在苏联的力推之下,法共总书记多列士出面发表广播并发出指示,要求法共领导下的武装按照戴高乐政府的要求编入正规军,并把各地的权力交给戴高乐指派的地方官员。这样做的结果是,法共在1945年10月的选举中成为第一大党,并且有四名成员加入政府之中担任部长。(转见张月明、姜琦《国际共产主义运动历史长编》第4卷,第30~37页。)

斯大林对这种情况非常满意,至少在这个时候,他相信,这不仅可以维持战后国际和平局面,而且可以用来交换美英对苏联主控东欧各国的支持。

很显然,斯大林相信,按照雅尔塔协定的规定,中国也应该照此办理,即以长城为界,长城以外的东北地区属于苏联的势力范围,长城以内的中国其他地区属于美国的势力范围。苏联只需要确保它势力范围以内的权益,绝不在长城以内制造麻烦;美国也不要把手伸到长城以外来。为了取得美国的合作,斯大林不希望看到长城以内的国共两党发生内战,主张按照美国人的意愿支持在蒋介石领导下建立统一的中国政府。他出面劝告毛泽东停止武装斗争,到重庆去和蒋介石谈判和平,随后赞同美国总统特使马歇尔到中国直接调处国共两党关系,但自己不参加,也不同意把长城以外的中国东北列入调处范围,就是基于这样一种认识。

由此不难看出,正是由于斯大林的干预,蒋介石和毛泽东的重庆和谈才得以顺利举行。只不过,毛泽东不是法共总书记多列士,中国也不同于欧洲可以沿着长城截然分为两部。毛泽东去了重庆,与蒋介石进行了会谈,但是他不仅坚持不同意放弃自己的军队和由共产党掌管的根据地,并且要求有权接收长城内外更多的地区。因此,重庆谈判并没有像斯大林所希望的那样,按照法国的模式,在中国开启一扇和平的大门。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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