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斯大林劝国共和谈:战争会将中华民族毁灭一半

2016-04-20 14:54:03   人民网

毛泽东、蒋介石、赫尔利在重庆合影

本文摘自《中苏关系史纲:1917年~1991年中苏关系若干问题探讨》,沈志华 主编,社会科学文献出版社,2011.1

8月14日,日本宣布无条件投降。当天,蒋介石公开致电毛泽东,邀请毛赴重庆共商战后“国际国内各种重要问题”。(《蒋主席邀毛泽东来渝共商国事电》,1945年8月14日,《中华民国重要史料初编》第七编(二),第23页。)15日,美国总统杜鲁门发布接受日军投降的“一号命令”,规定除中国东北的日军应当向苏联军队投降外,其他所有在中国和在越南17度线以北的日本军队,均“应向蒋委员长投降”。

这个时候的中共军队,遍布华北、华中乃至于华东沿海敌后地区,接受日军投降,接收各重要城市及其各主要交通线十分便利。而国民党军队除少数在鲁、苏、皖敌后,和部分在山西,邻近华北地区以外,其中央军的主力几乎都在云、桂、贵、川西南几省,距离沿海及各大城市还远在千里之外。因此,蒋介石这个时候突然邀请毛泽东赴重庆谈判,在中共中央看来,无疑“完全是欺骗”。《中央关于积极进行反内战反独裁宣传给徐冰等同志的指示》,1945年8月16日。故中共中央当即以朱德名义提出六项条件,公开声明:除非“你立即废止一党专政,召开各党派会议,成立民主的联合政府”,除非得到我们的同意,否则“你的政府与其统帅部”接受日伪投降及其相关的一切协定和条约,“我们将保留自己的发言权”。这之后,毛泽东才复电蒋介石,声称:“待你表示意见后,我将考虑和你会见的问题。”(《毛泽东复蒋主席电文》,1945年8月16日;《朱德电蒋委员长提出六项要求》,1945年8月17日,《中华民国重要史料初编》第七编(二),第23~27页。)

与此同时,为了利用先机之利夺取华北、华东各大城市,毛泽东除命令各地尽快接收中小城镇及其邻近的交通线以外,并下令靠近北平、天津、上海、南京等中心城市周围的八路军、新四军立即展开部署,预先派人入城潜伏,争取抢先占领这些城市。但就在中共中央紧急部署夺取中心城市的同时,蒋介石一面加紧通过美军在华最高指挥官魏德迈调动美机美舰向内地赶运西南地区的中央军,一面继续致电毛泽东,要求毛“体念国家之艰危,悯怀人民之疾苦”,“惠然一行,共订大计”。(《蒋主席再电毛泽东昭示大战方告终结内争不容再有并促速来渝文》,1945年8月20日,《中华民国重要史料初编》第七编(二),第27~28页。)

8月20日,就在蒋介石再电毛泽东,邀请其赴重庆谈判之时,斯大林也以俄国共产党中央委员会的名义,致电毛泽东和中共中央,说明中国应走和平发展道路,毛泽东应赴重庆与蒋介石谈判和平,否则一旦战争打起来,中华民族将会毁灭一半。(转见《中共党史大事年表》,第78页。)

斯大林在国共关系问题上的表态,使一心想要用强硬态度对抗美国和蒋介石禁止中共就近接收日伪所占地区之举的毛泽东深为不满。但是,没有苏联的支持,又没有合法地位,要得到大城市和交通要道就要强攻。而以现有的装备,不仅不能攻坚克敌,就是占了城市,也守不住。何况,中共中央必须要搞好与苏联的关系,因为最重要的是还要设法乘苏军占领东北之际把自己的军队开进去,如此才有可能背靠苏联,并根本改变武器装备落后的情况。因此,毛泽东不得不迅速改变前令,要求各地停止做夺取中心城市的部署。同时,中共中央决定做出姿态,先派周恩来去重庆,以便转圜。但三天后,蒋又电毛泽东,仍坚持“目前各种重要问题,均待与先生面商”,要求毛泽东与周恩来“惠然偕临”,并表示“已准备飞机迎迓”。(《蒋主席三电毛泽东盼与周恩来同来渝商谈文》,1945年8月23日,《中华民国重要史料初编》第七编(二),第28~29页。)

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