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辛亥革命后黄兴留守南京为何功未成身先退?

2016-04-15 14:29:13   人民网

辛亥革命之后,黄兴先是担任南京留守,后又出任川汉铁路督办,直至1916年,黄兴又与蔡锷推动了反对袁世凯的护国运动。不幸的是,黄兴在1916年10月因病逝世,时年仅42岁。即使在袁世凯窃取革命成果,当上大总统之后,黄兴也可说是手握重兵,他以南京留守之职掌管着南方革命党人的军队。但没过多久,他就坚决辞职。

黄兴为何功未成而身先退?其实原因很简单:没钱。当时,无论北方袁世凯还是南方革命党人,都没有足够的资金。没有钱,就调不动军队也开不了战。担任南京留守一职的黄兴,因为没有资金,度日如年。黄兴尝试各种方式试图改善这种局面,但最终他仍然失败了。

南京乱象:

要钱的人挤破了门

1911年南京光复后,因为要推进“北伐”,南京城内外驻扎了各路军队。城内有浙军、沪军、光复军、铁血军、卫戍军等合计不下10万余众。若加上江苏境内及各地陆续开来的援军,则不下20万人。

时任南京临时卫戊司令兼第一独立混成旅旅长的许崇灏(许崇智之弟,原第九镇管带)回忆说:“南京光复后,号称师长者二十六人。情形极为混杂,名虽曰师,而兵不过千人或数百人而已。此等师长皆自称革命有功者,终日奔走于南京留守之门,要索饷械,无所不在,甚至彼此利用种种手段,勾引他人之营连长投编所属,以期巩固自身之地位。而为营连长者,每有朝秦暮楚以求升官发财之目的,革命精神扫地无遗矣。”

20万义军云集金陵,这固然是革命大义的感召。但是,革命将士毕竟不是神仙,他们也要吃饭穿衣、要发饷、要武器还有各种日常的补给。这每天下来,维持费不是小数目,何况这些人所要的东西还远不止日常开支这么简单。

据革命党人李书城回忆,孙中山当选临时大总统的原因之一,就是众人认为他与外国关系好,能使革命政府获得承认并借得巨款而归,“但结果都成泡影,因而他们对孙先生多不谅解”。

没有钱,孙中山、黄兴等人在南京的日子简直度日如年。被提名为实业部长的张謇,最初把解决财政困难的希望寄托在孙中山身上,谓孙先生“久在外洋,信用素著”,如能募集外债一万万两或至少五千万两以上,那么临时政府的问题将迎刃而解。但是,借债并非易事,孙中山四处奔走,不遗余力,但直到临时政府解散,仍旧一无所获。

据查,民国临时政府财政部3月份支出975万元,其中陆军部即支出893元,占到了总支出的绝大部分。由于财政困难,革命军中普遍拖饷缺饷,每天来陆军部要钱的少则十几起,多则几十起。作为陆军总长的黄兴,这段时间可谓焦头烂额,每日疲于应付。据其子黄一欧回忆:“先君担任陆军总长、参谋总长兼大本营兵站监督,发军饷、买军火都要钱,因为军饷没有着落,经常奔走于南京、上海间,累得吐了血。想通过张謇设法向上海借几十万应急,他一拖就是个把月,急得先君走投无路。”

财政危机:

临时政府面临瓦解

为缓解经济上的困窘,孙中山等人也想了很多办法,如发行军需公债、发动南洋侨民捐款、向外国银行借款等,但筹集的经费杯水车薪,到手即尽。1912年1月8日,临时政府发行1亿元军需公债,但结果并不理想,总共才募得500万元,其中还有不少是来自美洲及东南亚华侨的支持。之后,临时政府又发行100万军用钞票,但因没有担保,商人不惜以罢市相拒绝,而轮船招商局、汉冶萍等借款也都无功而返。

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