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八路军突围战连破日军三道封锁 德记者赞神奇

2016-04-13 09:10:02   综合

1941年11月5日,日军三万余人向沂南县留田村杀来,企图消灭山东八路军指挥机关。当天早上,留田周围均出现敌情,八路军第115师特务营 在外围与日军激战,情况十分危急。15时许,山东八路军领导人罗荣桓决定从留田向南突围,这一决定令大家感到吃惊,要知道南面是日占区,敌人肯定有重兵截 击。但罗荣桓指出,留田西面和东面都有密如蛛网的公路,日军早已布下“口袋”,同时日军主力正从北面压过来,倒是南面虽为日占区,但日军忙于围攻根据地, 后方必定空虚,况且八路军主动打进日占区,肯定会让敌人猝不及防,迅速盘活战局。下定战斗决心后,罗荣桓命令部队做好突围准备,要求战士一律上刺刀,压满 子弹,同时宣布严格的行动纪律,任何人不得自由行动,在突出合围圈之前,不许说话,不许咳嗽。当晚,数千名八路军战士利用敌人防区间隙,跋山涉水,巧妙地 穿过三道日军封锁线,不费一枪一弹跳出包围圈,随行的德国记者汉斯·希伯将其赞誉为“无声的战斗”,称留田突围的指挥艺术“近乎神奇”。

而在1942年6月12日,冀中地区的八路军指挥机关被日军围困在南威县掌史村,八路军将领吕正操认为,村内的八路军虽有两千之众,但战斗人员 不到一半,其余全是学员和后勤人员,不足以强行突围,遂决定就地固守,与敌打“蘑菇战”、“顶牛战”,坚守到天黑再行动。吕正操要求部队不许出击,敌人不 到跟前不开枪,只准用步枪和手榴弹,紧急情况下才能用轻机枪,而且尽量点射,不要连发,没有上级许可不准使用重机枪和迫击炮,要故意示弱,让敌人摸不清底 细。日军果然上当,以为面前不过是些“土八路”,仓促组织攻击,结果屡屡被八路军击退,期间八路军战士几次请求使用重武器,吕正操硬是压住不准用。到了夜 里,吕正操率部突围,用迫击炮、轻重机枪等武器猛烈射击,将日军暴露在村外的火炮、重机枪悉数摧毁,被打蒙的敌人再也组织不了新的进攻,只好眼睁睁地看着 八路军转移西去。

遇到被围困的情况,我军的初始作战态势往往十分不利,这种时候尤其考验一支部队的凝聚力和战斗力。正面战场上,国民党军在被包围的情况下,往往 会陷入整体性混乱,兵不知将、将不知兵,各部之间的配合更是一盘散沙,这一点在1937年12月南京保卫战的最后阶段表现得尤其明显。而敌后抗日武装在部 队的战斗意志、组织性和纪律性方面则与国民党军形成鲜明的对比,即使是被绝对优势敌人包围的情况下,仍然令行禁止、配合无间,这种严密的组织纪律性正是突 围胜利的保证。

陆房战斗就是典型的案例。1939年3月初,八路军第115师第686团组成东进支队,进入鲁西建立根据地,日军急调8000多人,在坦克和飞 机的支援下,于5月初分九路向根据地扑来。凭借优势装备和兵力,5月11日,日军将八路军第686团(欠第3营)、津浦支队、冀鲁边第7团以及辎重部队、 泰西地委、鲁西区党委等合围于肥城县安临站镇的陆房村。陆房村位于山地丘陵盆地中,东西宽约5华里,南北长约10余华里,四面环山,当时日军已经占领四周 的制高点,八路军被压缩在盆地中的狭小地带,局面十分不利。11日白天,日军连续发动数次强攻,都被八路军一一化解,但八路军的数次突围也未能奏效。

入夜时分,双方都停止了行动,第115师代师长陈光深知形势危急,如果当夜不能有所作为的话,所剩力量已无法挡住日军明天的进攻。摆在八路军面 前的有两条突围之路,分别是陆房村东南面的山间大路和西南面的山顶小路,前者地形复杂,便于隐蔽行踪,一旦被敌发现尚有强行突围的可能,从日军架起的火堆 观察,那里的守敌人数不多,后者则要经过山顶,由于日军早已控制四周高地,选择这条路等于从日军防御主阵地通过,一旦失手,部队就陷于仰攻态势,很可能全 军覆没。可是,陈光决定从小路秘密突围,出奇制胜,他向部队传达极为严格的突围纪律,禁绝声响喧哗。22时许,八路军开始突围,一路上,日军的火堆就在附 近,日本骑兵从潜行的八路军身旁奔驰而过,日本哨兵喊话清晰可辨,但日军就是没发现八路军的动静,结果几千人奇迹般地从日军鼻子底下脱险。

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