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二战的错误常识:1945年日本投降并非“无条件投降”

2016-04-12 16:36:29   环球网

  于是,东乡茂德外相即向美、英、苏、中四国发出了接受《波茨坦公告》的电文:“帝国政府注意到,昭和20年(1945年)7月26日美英中三国首脑共同决定并发表、尔后苏联政府签署的对我国的公告所列举的条款中,不包含变更天皇统治国家之大权的要求。基于这一理解,帝国政府接受上述公告。帝国政府相信,上述理解正确无误。切望即刻对此表示明确意向。”

  8月11日下午,美国国务卿贝尔纳斯代表美、英、苏、中四国复电日本:“自降伏之时起,天皇及日本国政府统治国家之权限,将‘subjectto’为了实施降伏条款而采取必要措施的盟军最高司令官。”复电中subjectto一词,外务省为避免刺激军方,译为“受限于”,而陆军省则译为“隶属于”,为此,“强硬派“再次表示无法接受。8月13日,最高战争指导会议再次表决并同样形成“三对三”局面。最终,由天皇作“第二次圣断”:接受波茨坦公告。8月15日,日本播放了由天皇亲自宣读的《大东亚战争终结之诏书》即“玉音放送”。当天,日本各大报纸全文刊发了《终战诏书》。

  1945年9月2日在“密苏里”号战舰上,由天皇和政府代表重光葵、武装部队代表梅津美治郎签署的投降书,亦不能理解为宣布“日本无条件投降”:“我们兹宣布日本帝国大本营及在日本控制下驻扎各地的日本武装部队,向同盟国无条件投降。”

  三、天皇制的保留

  必须明确,是否“追究天皇裕仁的战争责任”和是否“保留天皇制”,属不同概念,而且战后初期,不追究天皇战争责任和保留天皇制,一开始并非美国的“既定政策”。

  1945年9月12日,美国政府拟定了一份题为《关于日本天皇及天皇制的处理》的文件主要内容:(1)由盟国强制性地将天皇作为战犯进行审判,将引起全体日本人的反感,扰乱占领军的各项工作。若天皇主动退位,国际军事法庭可以对天皇进行研究,若证据确凿,应予以起诉。(2)若天皇在占领期间死亡或退位,可由其长子、12岁的皇太子即位,由他人摄政。

  然而,天皇不仅未被追究战争责任,而且天皇制依然得以保留。何故如此?东京审判审判长卫勃在宣判结束后会见记者时如是回答:“使天皇免于受到审判,毫无疑问完全是基于对盟国最有利的考虑而作出的决定。”首席检察官基南也作了同样表述“使天皇免受审判是盟国的政治决定。”

  “东京二战的错误常识:1945年日本投降并非“无条件投降”审判”后,日本国内外曾一度出现要求天皇裕仁退位的呼声。裕仁本人也一度萌生退意。1948年7月9日和9月22日宫内府长官田岛岛治的《田岛道治日记》、同年9月1日、9月29日首相芦田均的《芦田均日记》,均有相关记载。但是,同样因麦克阿瑟“基于对盟国最有利的考虑”,表示反对而未果。为此,裕仁天皇特命田岛道治致函麦克阿瑟表示感谢:“奉陛下之命,荣幸地向阁下转述圣意如后:前日阁下请吉田首相传达的亲切意见已悉并深感欣慰,至为感激。为世界和平及国民福祉竭尽全力,是吾终生愿望。此时此刻,吾当与国民一起排除万难,为重建日本而恪尽职守。”

  综上所述,天皇的免责、天皇的留任、天皇制的保留,均是美国基于战略利益考虑而进行的政治安排。而日本则利用这一考虑,“不仅成功地护持了国体,而且还成功地使天皇制国家的内核保留至战后。”认为“日本无条件投降”,是一个“错误常识”。

  本文摘自:环球网,作者:佚名,原题:《二战错误常识:1945年日本非“无条件投降”》

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