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二战的错误常识:1945年日本投降并非“无条件投降”

2016-04-12 16:36:29   环球网

  日本则利用这一考虑,“不仅成功地护持了国体,而且还成功地使天皇制国家的内核保留至战后。”认为“日本无条件投降”,是一个“错误常识”。

  中国学界和媒体一直称日本接受《美英中三国促令日本投降之波茨坦公告》(简称《波茨坦公告》是“无条件投降”,甚至有称“日本天皇宣布无条件投降”。如此认识和表述,或更能彰显世界反法西斯战争取得了完全彻底的胜利,但并不完全符合史实。

  一、战时盟国对日政策的变化

  1943年11月26日,中、美、英三国首脑发表的《开罗宣言》,明确提出:“三大盟国将继续坚忍进行其重大而长期之战斗,以获得日本无条件之投降。”

  但是,三国1945年7月26日发表的《波茨坦公告》,其措辞与《开罗宣言》明显不同。该公告第5条称:“以下为吾人之条件,吾人决不更改,亦无其它另一方式。犹豫迁延,更为吾人所不容许。”此后至第13条,即是各项条件。尤其值得关注的是第13条:“吾人通告日本政府立即宣布所有日本武装部队无条件投降,并对此种行动诚意实行予以适当之各项保证,除此一途,日本即将迅速完全毁灭。”

  必须强调,第一,《开罗宣言》要求“无条件投降”的对象是“日本”,而《波茨坦公告》要求“无条件投降”的对象,则是“日本武装部队”;第二,《波茨坦公告》第5条是“以下为吾人之条件”,即“促令日本投降”是有条件的;第三,《波茨坦公告》第13条“通告日本政府立即宣布所有日本武装部队无条件投降”,意味着没有对日本政府的“合法性”予以否认。这一条是我们了解日本是否“无条件投降”的关键,因为其中包含保留“天皇制”的意蕴。日本外相东乡茂德当时在他的“外交手记”中这样写道:“我通读了由美国播送的本公告。由于公告写道‘以下为吾人之条件’,因此十分显然,盟国并没有要求日本无条件投降。”同时必须强调,这是美国统治阶层经过反复辩论和利益权衡后作出的政策抉择,并对日本最终提出以“不变更天皇统治大权”为前提接受《波茨坦公告》,具有不可忽略的意义。

  二、日本接受《波茨坦公告》的条件

  1945年7月30日,日本首相铃木贯太郎在会见记者时公开表示:“我认为三国公告重申了开罗会议精神。政府并不认为它有什么价值,因此予以‘黙殺’。我们将朝着继续进行这场战争的方向迈进。”

  见日本“拒绝”接受《波茨坦公告》,美国遂决定按照既定方针使用原子弹,彻底摧毁日本的抵抗意志。1945年8月6日上午8点15分,B-29型轰炸机“爱诺拉?盖”号在广岛上空10000米处投下了代号为“小男孩”的第一颗原子弹。8月8日,苏联外长莫洛托夫通报日本政府,称由于日本拒绝接受《波茨坦公告》,通过苏联进行和平斡旋的基础已经丧失,9日以后,苏联将和日本进入战争状态。此“通报”不仅是对日“宣战”。8月9日,美国又向长崎投下了代号为“胖子”的第二颗原子弹。两颗原子弹先后造成14万人和7万人死亡(各正负误差1万人),迫使日本作出最终抉择。但是,在8月9日的最高战争指导会议上,究竟以‘护持国体’为条件接受《波茨坦公告》,还是应再附上自主撤兵和复员、自主处罚战犯、对占领不予保障三项条件接受《波茨坦公告》,形成了首相、外相、海相对参谋总长、军令部总长、陆相三对三的局面。为此,铃木贯太郎向天皇提出:“仰圣上根据圣虑作出决断,并以之作为会议决定。”为此,天皇作出了“第一次圣断”:仅以确认皇室和天皇统治大权为条件,接受波茨坦公告。

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