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英国曾出现多次疫苗危机:抵制疫苗后果严重

2016-03-29 15:20:59   

1998年,英国医生维克菲尔德和其他12名医生在著名医学期刊《柳叶刀》上发表论文声称,通过对12名患孤独症儿童的研究,认定孤独症和一种新发现的胃肠疾病与接种“麻腮风三联疫苗”(简称MMR疫苗,是同时预防麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹的疫苗)有关。论文言之凿凿地说,12名患者中有8名患上一种“行为综合征”,而这些症状都是在注射MMR疫苗两周后出现的。于是,所谓“疫苗可能是引起孤独症的罪魁祸首”这一说法在英国不胫而走。维克菲尔德等人的论文一经发表,立即引起轰动,并得到原本就反对疫苗接种人士的强力支持。

英国政府迅速委托多家权威医疗机构启动相关研究。经过深入研究,这些机构作出否定“MMR疫苗与孤独症有关”的结论。但受维克菲尔德论文的影响,当时英国各大媒体纷纷在头条以《三联疫苗引发自闭症》《不要注射三联疫苗》等为题大肆报道,引发又一场大规模的疫苗恐慌。很快,该疫苗在英国的接种率就从95%下降到80%以下,并进一步波及欧美多国。

2004年,维克菲尔德论文事件出现剧情反转。英国《星期日时代报》记者布莱恩·迪尔深入调查发现,维克菲尔德论文存在刻意造假和受贿行为。原来,当时维克菲尔德收受一家反对疫苗生产商的利益团体43.5万余英镑的贿赂。他故意篡改了研究中的儿童病例。在维克菲尔德论文涉及的12个案例中,有5个在接种MMR疫苗之前就已经出现孤独症症状,还有3个从未有过孤独症症状。随着这起学术丑闻曝光,维克菲尔德论文的多数共同作者宣布撤销了自己的署名,《柳叶刀》杂志也于2010年正式宣布撤回那篇造假论文,维克菲尔德本人则被相继吊销了在英国和美国的行医执照。

然而,这一论文造假事件产生的恶果并未在短时期内消除。受恐慌情绪影响,英国MMR疫苗的接种率从1995年的92%下降到2003年的80%,伦敦地区甚至降到56%;而麻疹发病发病率则上升3倍。直至2002年,英国仍有24%的父母认为疫苗的危险大于疾病本身。尽管英国政府采取了很多措施努力恢复公众对疫苗的信心,但直到2012年,英国MMR疫苗的接种率只提升到90%,仍低于世卫组织规定的95%标准线。

除英国外,美国、日本、法国等国也曾多次发生疫苗危机。时至今日,如何处理疫苗危机仍是许多国家的难题。不过很多情况下,并不是疫苗本身出现问题,人们需要的是媒体的全面报道、政府的信息透明,以及理性的科学态度。正如有科学家所言:“对疫苗的无端恐惧,可能让医学时钟被拨回到一个多世纪以前。”▲

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