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英国曾出现多次疫苗危机:抵制疫苗后果严重

2016-03-29 15:20:59   

问题疫苗事件最近引发民间的“疫苗恐慌”。其实,自疫苗诞生之日起,“疫苗恐慌”就从来没有停止过。在现代疫苗的发源国——英国,也曾出现多次疫苗危机,每次都导致疫苗接种率大幅下降,政府经过长期努力,才恢复公众对疫苗的信心。

疫苗自诞生起就争议不断

人类很早就开始探索免疫疫苗的研制。不过直到18世纪末,现代意义上的疫苗才在英国逐步取得进展。1798年,英国医生爱德华·詹纳正式公布牛痘接种术,这项成果随后成为人类预防天花的重要措施。自此,通过疫苗接种来预防传染病这一概念被确立,而免疫学和疫苗学也开始逐步发展起来。

然而即便是在现代疫苗最早诞生的英国,疫苗的推广也曾遇到各种困难。1867年,英国政府颁布一项疫苗法令,宣布凡无正当理由而拒绝给孩子注射疫苗的父母将处以罚款。这项法令遭到很多人反对,一些人成立反疫苗联盟和反强制接种疫苗联盟。压力之下,英国政府不得不于1898年废除这项法令。到19世纪初,牛痘接种术在美洲再度受阻。受宗教教义和传统观念的影响,许多人误以为种牛痘疫苗后,人会长出牛角和牛毛!一些人还认为,包括天花在内的疾病是上帝惩罚罪人的手段,如果人类有意识地预防,就是干涉上帝的旨意。

1974年疫苗危机

1974年1月,一个名叫威尔逊的医生在《英国医学杂志》上发表一份报告,声称有36名儿童在接种“百白破疫苗”(简称DTP疫苗,是百日咳、白喉与破伤风三种传染病疫苗配制在一起的制剂)后发生了脑病,而罪魁祸首主要与其中的百日咳疫苗成分有关。由于威尔逊是英国最著名的伦敦大奥蒙德街儿童医院的医生,因此他的报告一经披露,立即引起巨大反响。随后调查发现早在上世纪50年代,在英国医学委员会进行的3.6万人DTP试验中,曾有1例儿童致残案例。但这名儿童的病历被火灾损毁。于是经过一些媒体的大肆渲染,英国社会陷入巨大恐慌。此后几年中,在英国“疫苗伤害者父母协会”的推动下,民间抵制运动高涨,疫苗接种率从81%降到31%。1977年,英国百日咳发病率由此前的接近10万分之一上升至1/1000-1/500,许多孩子因此丧命。

英国国内专门成立一个独立专家咨询机构进行论证,最终确认了DTP疫苗的安全性。与此同时,英国政府对于那些接种疫苗的受害者积极进行赔偿。1979年,根据刚通过的疫苗伤害补偿法,共有638人得到1万英镑的补偿。1981年,英国儿童脑病研究会公布的调查结论认为,接种DTP疫苗受到神经伤害的几率非常小,只有约31万分之一,这一结论大大缓解了公众的恐慌情绪。尽管如此,关于DTP疫苗的争论仍持续了十几年,其负面影响甚至波及其他国家。据事后统计,日本婴儿百日咳疫苗接种率从1974年的80%下降至1976年的10%,导致该国1979年百日咳疫情流行,出现1.3万余病例,41人因此死亡。

经过一些权威机构的释疑,在政府的积极支持下,英国的百日咳疫苗接种计划继续推进,社会各界对接种疫苗的信心也逐渐恢复。到1990年后,该国DTP疫苗接种率提高到93%,百日咳发病率也随之下降,恢复到中断接种前的水平。

学术造假殃及疫苗推广

就在DTP疫苗恐慌平息后不久,英国再度发生一次类似危机。而与1974年不同的是,这次新发生的危机居然缘于一次蓄意为之的学术造假。

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