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乾隆时期中国为何人口激增:雍正取消了人头税

2016-03-24 14:34:12   人民网

以下三个因素,决定了在古代社会制度框架下不可调和的内在矛盾:

第一,在古典文化价值(譬如,多子多福,人丁兴旺)驱动下,中国人口始终增长,古代政府不能控制人口数量,无法实施计划生育。

第二,古代中国儒教文化导致农业技术和生产力发展缓慢,总体水平停滞不前,在传统制度框架内不可能依靠提高发展农业生产力(譬如,“杂交育种”、化肥和机械耕作),来消化人口压力。

第三,全国耕地资源是恒定数,它是有限的。适于农业耕作(即农耕文明)的区域如下:东南以太平洋(601099,股吧)黄海、东海和南海为界,西北以15英吋降水线为界(基本上与长城沿线吻合),二者之间的区域便是适宜耕作区。向北越过长城即进入游牧文化区,草原气候无法从事耕作。

1500~1800年人地矛盾总爆发

局部人满为患肇始于明朝中叶约1500年前后。当时福建、安徽南部等地人均耕地跌至四亩以下,剩余人口开始外流,离开家族及宗法制度控制。这一趋势,对于古典政治制度的破坏是致命的,它宣告:一部分人已进入制度真空,蒸发了。随着人口继续增多,过剩人口和游民也越来越多,形势愈益紧迫。儒教政治又苟延残喘约三百年,至1800年清乾隆、嘉庆交际,清算终于来临。此时,全国合计人均占有耕地资源已不足四亩底线。人均四亩的底线属于古代农业生产承载力天限,是古代农业无法逾越的技术极限。低于底线,人民就会大量饿死,政治制度随之失去合法性。至此,从理论上说,传统社会的经济体系已不能自给自足,建立在农耕经济之上的古典文明秩序已无法维持,结局唯有崩溃。崩溃的过程,从鸦片战争开始,直到国共内战结束。

    中国人习惯说帝国主义靠“坚船利炮”的强势使西风东渐,这只是问题的一面。西方列强的侵入加重了中国的苦难,那只是外因。假如没有西方文明到来,儒教政治也会自行坍塌,因为人地危机始终摆在那里,且愈演愈烈。体制外的“太平天国”和泛滥的帮会、教门都是缝隙,西方人的到来不过雪上加霜,火上加油。俗语说:苍蝇不叮无缝的蛋。一个是缝,一个是苍蝇;中国社会内部不出现人地危机和制度缝隙,西方苍蝇便无机可乘。其实,西方列强早就对中国垂涎欲滴,从荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙至大不列颠英帝国,早已环伺几个世纪,就等鸡蛋出现裂缝。这裂缝,他们并不知道是什么,国人也不知道是什么。今天我们才知道,是儒教文明特有的人地危机。

按照人口增长趋势,19世纪后中国大地业已人满为患,儒教制度根本无法管理,天限已经来临。清代学者汪士铎于1855年在《乙丙日记》中痛苦地记载:

人多之害,山顶已殖黍稷,江中已有洲田,川中已辟老林,苗洞已开深菁,犹不足养,天地之力穷矣。

汪士铎道出了“裂缝”:到处都是庄稼,还不足以人民果腹,饿殍遍野。

正此时,觊觎已久的西方豪强破门闯入,疯狂掠夺,加重了古典儒教制度垮塌过程的惨烈性,就像一群饿狮子扑向一头老羚羊,加重了中国人的死亡和苦难。一系列不平等条约和数十亿两黄金白银的赔款掏空了中国社会的财富,极大阻碍了中国的现代化进程。人口过剩的历史细节,在清代洪亮吉《洪亮吉集》中也有记载。

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