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二战中的情报暗战:丘吉尔为保密牺牲一座城市

2016-03-21 14:40:44   人民网

丘吉尔(资料图)

本文原载于《同舟共进》2013年第7期,原标题:丘吉尔的一次艰难决定——二战中的情报暗战。转载请注明出处

考文垂悲歌

1940年11月14日傍晚7点05分,英国中部城市考文垂上空忽然响起了刺耳的防空警报。此时,英国皇家空军与纳粹空军在不列颠上空已激战整整三个月,英伦三岛上包括首都伦敦在内的许多城市,都遭到了频繁的空袭,响起防空警报并不令人意外。但奇怪的是,此前总是能早早预警空袭的英国本土防空体系,这次并未及时疏散军民及城市工业。

于是,在防空警报拉响时,考文垂的居民丝毫未能觉察即将逼近的厄运,他们依然像往常一样享受着自己的生活。5分钟后,德国“亨克尔111”轰炸机飞临城市上空,一波接一波的轰炸进行了10个小时。巨大的爆炸声中,考文垂变成了一片废墟。事后统计,在这“恐怖的鬼夜”,考文垂有5万座建筑被摧毁,5万个商店遭到破坏,600名居民丧生,其中150具尸体因无法辨认而被葬入同一公墓……考文垂成了二战中英国遭遇轰炸最惨烈的城市。英国首相丘吉尔得知消息后,先是呆若木鸡,之后满脸愤怒,一声不吭。但当时的人们完全没有想到,丘吉尔其实早已得知德国空袭考文垂市的计划,他反复盘算后,最终决定不采取任何防御和转移措施。

这是1940年关乎英国生死存亡的不列颠空战中,丘吉尔最为艰难的决定。

敦刻尔克的“无敌舰队”

丘吉尔是在1940年5月10日临危受命担任英国首相的。当时,德国正以闪电战突袭西欧,号称拥有欧洲最强大陆军的法国,迅速崩溃投降,英国也随时面临德国入侵,危如累卵。

虽然纳粹德国的军事扩张野心昭然若揭,但一战后的英国,一直弥漫着和平主义气氛。首相张伯伦是坚定的绥靖主义者,他一厢情愿地指望希特勒东进去攻打苏联,为此纵容德军重占莱茵兰非军事区、兼并奥地利、强占捷克苏台德区……

只有丘吉尔等少数人一直在抨击绥靖政策,他说,希特勒将给欧洲带来灾难,他督促英国应重整军备,并鼓励盟友法国加强军事力量,指出绥靖政策为“西方民主国家向纳粹武力威胁的彻底投降。”但多数人视其警告为危言耸听。最终,祸水没能东引,德国反而率先进攻西欧,法国迅速投降。张伯伦走投无路,而一直强烈反对绥靖政策的丘吉尔,成了首相的不二人选。

5月21日,德军直趋英吉利海峡,把近40万英法联军围逼在法国北部狭小地带,只剩下敦刻尔克这个仅有万名居民,且极易受到轰炸机和炮火持续攻击的小港作为海上退路,形势万分危急。

5月26日,丘吉尔下令撤出在法的英军,代号为“发电机计划”的敦刻尔克大撤退开始,在短短的8天中,被围困在敦刻尔克周围一小块地区的盟军奇迹般地撤出33万多人。

希特勒对“谜”的依赖和信任

但敦刻尔克大撤退的胜利,并不意味着英伦三岛已经安全。紧接着,德国即将启动入侵英国本土的“海狮计划”。在此之前,德国计划先摧毁英国空军力量,不列颠空战就此爆发。这仍是一场大英帝国的生死战。

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