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斯大林如何应对希特勒的“背信弃义”?

2016-03-10 16:34:30   中国台湾网

政治局会议大约于4时40分开始,持续了四个多钟头。与会者有朱可夫、铁木辛哥、莫洛托夫和贝利亚;米高扬、卡冈诺维奇、伏罗希洛夫和马林科夫是随后才到的。海军人民委员库兹涅佐夫、总检察长维辛斯基和梅赫利斯也出席了会议。斯大林面色苍白,手里拿着未装满烟叶的烟斗。朱可夫和铁木辛哥汇报了情况,斯大林突然问道:“这该不是德国将军的挑衅行为吧?”“德寇正在轰炸我们乌克兰、白俄罗斯和波罗的海三国的城市。这叫什么挑衅行为?”铁木辛哥答道。“如果需要搞挑衅,那么德国将军连他们本国的城市也会轰炸的”,斯大林说。他略作思索,继续说道:“这事儿希特勒大概不知道。应当马上给德国大使馆去电话。”对于克里姆林宫的电话,那边的回答是:大使本人请求接见,他需要立即通报。于是责成莫洛托夫接见德国大使。这时总参谋部的瓦图京向朱可夫汇报说,德寇陆军已越过边界,正在展开攻势。朱可夫和铁木辛哥请求斯大林命令部队立即开始反击。“等莫洛托夫回来再说”,斯大林答道。

莫洛托夫回到斯大林的办公室,说:“德国政府向我国宣战了。”斯大林默默地落座,陷入沉思。大家都一言不发。朱可夫打破难堪的沉默,建议立即以现有全部兵力向敌人发动猛攻。斯大林向部队下达新的指示:不准越过德国边界,只有空军例外。他还希望以某种方式阻止业已开始的入侵,指示要求空军派轰炸机和歼击机消灭敌方机场上的飞机,轰炸地面部队的主要集群,轰炸柯尼斯堡和梅梅尔两城市。然而,那些受到侵略者攻击的部队却迟至次日上午10时之后方才收到指示。西部军区空军司令员科别茨接到了命令,却不知该做什么,在开战前吞枪自杀。

6月22日上午,斯大林以人民委员会主席的身份签署了许多决定,成立了以铁木辛哥为首的最高统帅部。最初的成员有朱可夫、伏罗希洛夫、海军司令员库兹涅佐夫、布琼尼、莫洛托夫。斯大林任最高统帅部成员,但人人皆知,他才是最高统帅部的真正领导人。铁木辛哥作出任何决定,事先均需得到斯大林的首肯。西南战线的情况很不妙,不过还没有西部战线的情况糟糕,西方面军司令员帕夫洛夫从战争爆发的那一刻起,就失去了控制部队的线索。当天下午抵达明斯克的沙波日尼科夫元帅和库利克元帅,同样无法控制局势。斯大林于下午5时左右回到孔策沃别墅,这段时间内,即使最紧迫的问题,也得等斯大林回到克里姆林宫办公室之后再说。

22日晚间,斯大林没有回到办公室,直至23日凌晨3时他才回来。他立即召见了莫洛托夫、伏罗希洛夫、铁木辛哥、瓦图京和库兹涅佐夫,反馈的全是坏消息。至22日子夜,德军在波罗的海三国已经向前推进了10~15公里,就差占领利耶帕亚了;西南战线的利沃夫方向,敌军推进了15~20公里。明斯克方向的情况更糟:德军的坦克和摩托化部队已深入苏联领土达50~60公里,他们并不顾及两翼,仍在继续进攻。

克里姆林宫的会议开了将近3个小时。这次斯大林没有作出新的指示,也没有发布新的命令。他于早上6时25分前往孔策沃,将近12个小时不同任何人打交道。国家计委主任兼部长会议副主席沃兹涅先斯基是这几天内首次来到克里姆林宫,他在斯大林办公室内呆了5个小时。当天晚上,斯大林六神无主,怒气冲冲,情绪沮丧。半夜时分,斯大林召见了贝利亚,同他谈了一个半小时,然后回到孔策沃,在别墅一杲又是14个小时以上。

赫鲁晓夫在苏共二十大的报告中说,在前线最初连连失利之后,斯大林精神沮丧,已经不理朝政。许多人都这么说。作家西蒙诺夫和格列奇科元帅赞成这个说法,朱可夫和库兹涅佐夫则坚决反对。根据登记册的记载,1941年6月24日至25日,斯大林毫无规律的作息制度严重影响了工作,这不仅说明前线的形势十分严峻,而且说明斯大林的情绪愈来愈坏。朱可夫说:“斯大林每个小时都在干预事件的进程,干预最高统帅部的工作,每天几次把总司令铁木辛哥和我叫到克里姆林宫去,情绪十分激动,动不动就张口骂人,这一切只能使最高统帅部本来就算不上井然有序的工作更加混乱。”

西部战线在大范围内受到德军的突破,此时朱可夫担任了最高统帅部的领导职务,铁木辛哥被任命为西方面军司令员。明斯克东面开始建立新的防线,该地组建了新的后备方面军。然而,此时德军在西南战线和波罗的海三国又取得了重大的突破……直至7月3日,斯大林才发表广播讲话,号召人民投身卫国战争,投身到全部工作均按战争的办法进行的伟业中来。从其他军区调动师团支援西线,将近500万新战士应征入伍,许多人自愿参军。这仅仅是开始,此后,苏联军民尚需经历将近四年的严峻考验。

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