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斯大林如何应对希特勒的“背信弃义”?

2016-03-10 16:34:30   中国台湾网

本文摘自:《同舟共进》2015年第11期,作者:述弢,原题为:《斯大林如何应对希特勒的背信弃义》

1941年6月14日,即希特勒全面进攻苏联的前一周,苏联塔斯社曾正式发表声明,称德国决不会进攻苏联。1941年5月14日,希特勒在致斯大林的密信中说,准备从6月15至20日开始将部队从苏联边境往西运送的工作。密信最后说:如遇我手下将军之挑衅行为未能避免,务请保持克制,切勿采取反击行动,务请通过您所知晓之联系渠道告我。只有如此,方可达致我与您明确商定之共同目标。

然而铁的事实是:德国法西斯背信弃义,于1941年6月22日悍然对苏联发动突然袭击。在猝不及防的情况下,苏军遭到重创,并一度处于被动挨打的状态。

我们且来看看苏联高层尤其是作为一国之首的斯大林,在战争爆发前后是如何应对的。

随着1941年6月22目的临近,苏联谍报机关的密报便愈来愈令人提心吊胆,忐忑不安。然而斯大林坚信德国不会在两条战线上作战,这方面他有希特勒的亲口保证。6月19日,国防人民委员铁木辛哥和红军总参谋长朱可夫,下令备部队在7月1目前将机场统统伪装成周围环境的颜色。可当朱可夫得知波罗的海军区司令员命令防空部队系统进入战备状态时,斯大林却取消了这个命令,理由是“会给工业造成损失,引起种种议论,使舆论界的神经受到刺激”。6月21日傍晚,一名德军司务长向苏联边防军投诚,他断言德军的进攻将于6月22日凌晨开始。朱可夫当即报告斯大林,一小时后,朱可夫、铁木辛哥等人齐集斯大林的办公室,斯大林显得心事重重,却并未惊慌失措。依他之见,投诚者也可能是个奸细。不过斯大林还是让莫洛托夫请德国大使讲清楚边界上发生的事情。德国大使只是冷冷地说,他一定向柏林转达克里姆林宫的不安——其时,德国大使馆正在销毁最后一批秘密文件。

克里姆林宫的会议于晚上10时结束。会后国防人民委员在命令中警告各部队:德军可能在6月22至23日发动突然袭击,却又加上一句:切不可受到任何可能引起很大麻烦的挑衅活动的影响。

是夜,斯大林又分别召见了红军政治部主任梅赫利斯和内务人民委员贝利亚,然后才回到自己的别墅。

3时30分,德军对苏军阵地的猛烈炮轰,和对乌克兰、白俄罗斯、波罗的海三国的空袭全面开始。总参谋部收到来自西部各军区的报告。朱可夫后来回忆道:

人民委员命令我给斯大林去电话。我打了电话。没有人接。我就不停地打。终于听到了卫队长弗拉西克那睡意未消的声音:“你是谁啊?”“我是总参谋长朱可夫。请马上让斯大林同志接电话。”“什么?现在?!”卫队长吃惊不小:“斯大林同志正在睡觉。”“马上叫醒他:德军正在轰炸我们的城市,仗打起来了”。沉默了一会儿。最后听筒里传来沙哑的声音:“请稍等。”大约三分钟后,斯大林拿起电话。我汇报了情况,要求准许反击。斯大林不说话,只听到他沉重的呼吸声。“您明白我的意思吗?”仍然不说话。“您有何指示?”我追问道。斯大林终于如梦初醒地问道:“人民委员上哪儿去了?”“他正在同基辅军区通话。”“你和铁木辛哥一起到克里姆林宫来。叫波斯克列贝舍夫通知全体政治局委员开会。”

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