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美国军官亲历八路游击战:1人伤亡击毙15日军

2016-03-08 16:07:33   文汇报

当英美盟国友人回首1944年、1945年时期的延安,他们发现,只有真正诚实、不怀偏见的目击者,才看到了当时问题的关键,准确预见了战后中国的格局。

加入八路军的英国友人林迈可、美国前总统罗斯福的副卫队长埃文斯·卡尔逊、1944年到达延安和中共敌后战场的美军观察组,这是明天起在上海电视台纪实频道播出的纪录片《来自延安的报告》的3位“主人公”。该片试图从他们的视角,集中表现英美同盟国眼中的中共敌后抗战的重大战略价值。

林迈可与美军观察组和中共高层领导人的接触中,将得出怎样的结论?中共领导的抗日武装,是否真的能成为盟军与日本决战依靠的力量?而中共中央对美军观察组的到来,又有着怎样的战略构想?纪录片又如何在坚硬且强大的内核叙事中同时彰显出史料价值与文本意义?

该片总导演陈菱如此阐述:“我们讲述国际视野下中共敌后抗战的战略价值,但这并不意味着大历史的乏味与人情味的缺失。”相反,第一手的解密档案和亲历者透露的细节,呈现出的都是宏阔历史背景下,人物个体与战争格局的微妙关联,是英美盟国友人的有感而发:“延安是个神奇的地方。”

当这些英美盟国友人回首1944年、1945年时的延安会发现,只有真正诚实、不怀偏见的目击者,才看到了问题的要害,准确预见了战后中国的格局。

“八路军发展了一种尚未被别的军队使用的战术”

该片从1937年8月淞沪会战刚打响时,美国总统罗斯福的副卫队长卡尔逊上校抵达上海讲起。受美国记者斯诺的启发,在淞沪会战尾声,卡尔逊悄然离沪,前往华北观察中共领导的八路军的抗日实景。在山西,他与八路军总司令朱德会面,并亲身经历了一场游击战。

“那年圣诞节的前夜,朱德抽出时间,和一位美国军人探讨平型关战役。”卡尔逊在写给罗斯福的报告中提到,朱德派出一位得力的指挥员护送自己穿越封锁线,但这次护送行动却变成了一场突袭战。途中,由于百姓及时送来情报,避免了他们与日军的一场遭遇战。但出乎卡尔逊意料的是,护送他的陈锡联却决定主动出击去突袭这支日军。借助于熟悉的地形,陈锡联带队伍抄小路翻过山坳,摸到敌人后防攻其不备,以牺牲一人的代价击毙日军15人。八路军的战法,让亲历其中的卡尔逊叹为观止,他连夜写道:“和日军相比,八路军的武器简陋,尤其缺乏重武器,但八路军发展了一种尚未被别的军队使用的新战法。”

随后的1938年5月,在斯诺笔下红星照耀的地方,卡尔逊在延安凤凰山见到了毛泽东,也终于了解到这种新战法即为“游击战”。“我面前的这位伟人,他那狮子似的头主宰着很健壮的体魄,又长又厚的黑发从中间分开。一双和蔼的眼睛望着我……”作为美国政府军方最早接触中共的官员,卡尔逊应当庆幸,因为彼时的毛泽东正在闭门撰写一部重要著作,那就是对抗日战争具有战略指导意义的《论持久战》。那天,毛泽东与卡尔逊促膝长谈,第一次将中共最高层的抗日战略直接反映给罗斯福总统。他对卡尔逊说:“日本军队进占一地,我们转向另一个地方;他们追击,我们就后退。日本兵力不足,无法占领全部中国,只要人民有志气忍受困难,有愿望继续抵抗,中国就不会垮。”毛泽东卓越的洞察力,和眼前简陋的窑洞、简朴的生活形成鲜明的对照,卡尔逊被感动了。作为第一位访问毛泽东的美国政府官员,他意识到,自己所听到的,是关于中共抗战最根本的战略,想起行前罗斯福总统的嘱托,这份情报太重要了。

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