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武昌起义后,大清王朝以令人错愕的方式退出历史舞台。作为前清高官,曹汝霖在做了短期的律师后,被一直赏识他的袁世凯起用。据曹汝霖回忆,民国建立后,成立了司法部,并新订律师条例。曹汝霖留学日本时,其专业即为法律,于是请求领取了律师证书,编号为一号。曹晚年时还颇为自得地宣称:“知道我以侍郎做律师,区区之名,不胫而走,从此门庭如市。”律师没做几个月,袁世凯先是委任他为议员,旋即又任命他为外交部次长。当时的外交总长陆徵祥体弱多病,部务实以曹汝霖担纲。此后曹汝霖又升任交通总长,兼署外交总长。袁世凯死后,曹汝霖在段祺瑞内阁担任交通总长及交通银行总经理,嗣后又兼署财政总长。在钱能训内阁,曹汝霖再次出任交通总长。可以说,在清末民初的官场上,曹汝霖的仕途一帆风顺——33岁任副部长,39岁任正部长。很显然,如果不是突如其来的五四学生运动,以曹汝霖的资历、人脉和能力,完全有可能爬到如政府总理等更高的位置。
但历史没有假设。命运与时代的峰回路转,常常如此出人意料。
【“汉奸、卖国贼”之由来】
五四学生运动的一个响亮口号是“外争国权,内惩国贼”。外争国权,即要求北洋政府拒绝在巴黎和约上签字;内惩国贼,即要求惩办政府高级官员曹汝霖和陆宗舆、章宗祥等人。当时,这三人中只有章宗祥系外交官——中国驻日本大使。已多年不任外交官的曹汝霖名列国贼之首,个中原因,在于为人诟病已久的袁世凯时代的“二十一条”,其主要经手人为时任外交部次长曹汝霖和时任驻日公使陆宗舆。
“二十一条”又称民四条约。数十年来,关于中日间的这一不平等条约,有着不少模糊不清的说法,中学历史教科书及一些权威人士的回忆文章,都有意无意地把“二十一条”作为一个整体,认为袁世凯政府全盘接受了“二十一条”。但事实上,这种说法与真相有着不小出入。
1914年,善于见机行事的日本,趁着列国无暇东顾之机,以对德宣战为名,出兵山东,强占了原德国势力范围青岛和胶济铁路沿线。在出兵前,日本曾向袁世凯政府保证只是借道,事成之后便撤军。但事成后,日本不仅拒不撤兵,反而将占据地点扩大。当中国方面强烈要求日方撤军时,日本通过驻华大使日置益向袁世凯政府提出了所谓的“二十一条”。“二十一条”中,一部分条款是要求由日本全面继承德国在山东的特殊权利,一部分则提出了颇多无理的新要求。其中对中国危害最大的是第五号条款下的七条要求:“在中国中央政府,须聘用有力之日本人充当政治、财政、军事等项顾问;所有在中国内地设立的日本医院、寺院、学校等,概允其土地所有权,须将必要地方的警察作为中日合办;福建筹办铁路矿山和整理海口,如需外国资本必须向日本商议;允许日本人在中国传教等。”平生英武自许且长期与日本人打交道的袁世凯当然深知“二十一条”的厉害,认定这是日本“直以朝鲜视我”,就是企图将中国变为保护国朝鲜的翻版。据说,袁世凯看到此款时震怒。日方也知道这几条容易招致中方的强烈反对,因而特别注明是建议性条款.

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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