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知日派的悲哀:“卖国贼”标签下的曹汝霖

2016-03-02 16:48:49   人民网

1964年,与中国大陆海天之遥的美国底特律,一位白发苍苍的老人陷入了对往事的追忆中。他检点平生,援笔成章,整理的文字发表于香港的一家叫《天文台报》的媒体上。后又编辑成书并在海外出版,此书即颇受史学界重视的《曹汝霖一生之回忆》。这位在完成回忆录后不到两年即魂归道山的老人,就是中国近现代史上大名鼎鼎的曹汝霖。

曹汝霖之所以有名,缘于在他的名字前所加的那些令人触目惊心的词语:汉奸、卖国贼。他不仅顶着这两顶“铁帽子”被写进中学历史教科书,同时还在众多关于五四的著作中被“脸谱化”。曹汝霖、章宗祥、陆宗舆三大著名卖国贼中,曹汝霖赫然名列榜首,倘不是抗战时又出了汪精卫这种“超级汉奸”,估计曹汝霖的名头还要更响,名声还要更臭。

然而,如果我们摒弃非此即彼的二元标准,摒弃将历史人物按意识形态的需要简单归类的做法,承认人性的复杂,真正负责任地走近历史、还原历史,便不难发现,汉奸或卖国贼并不足以为曹汝霖盖棺定论。身为历仕晚清和北洋的高级官员,曹汝霖是一个复合体。他既有亲日反共的一面,也有坚持原则,固守气节的一面;他既有官僚的圆滑,也有传统知识分子的操守。换言之,在卖国贼的标签下,有着另一位更为生动也更为真实的曹汝霖。

【官运亨通的知日派外交官】

曹汝霖字润田,清光绪二年(1877年)生于上海一个书香门第。他先是像众多旧式读书人那样进私塾,苦读四书五经,并在18岁那年中了秀才。但很快他就抛弃了所谓的功名,转到经元善创办的新式学堂求学。当时西风东渐,到一衣带水的日本留学,更是一时之盛,曹汝霖亦加入到了留日队伍中。当23岁的曹汝霖东渡扶桑时,他完全不可能想象得到,他一生的命运和名声,竟会和这个所谓同文同种的东方邻居如此纠缠不清。曹先入早稻田专门学校,后改入东京法学院(即日后的日本中央大学)。与大清的腐朽、衰败和暮气相比,明治维新后的日本带给了曹汝霖极大震撼。多年后他犹记忆深刻:“日本人爱国心重,宁买日本粗品,不用舶来精品,无论何物,只要能自制,都是用国货。我以为日本富强之源,即由于人人有爱国心也。”“那时(日本)国公设立不久,尚未实行普选,政党竞选议员,未闻有花偌大金钱者,甚至一钱不名而亦当选”。日俄战争时,曹汝霖租住的日本平民家中,分配住进了一些日本军人,他回忆:“每日三餐,(房东)总以肉食饷兵士,兵士亦帮同操作,彼此和睦,恍若家人。我看了真觉感慨,中国人民与兵士,哪有这种情形。”

曹汝霖后来解释,他最初的亲日情结,正起源于留日时期尤其是日俄战争时期在日本的所见所闻。事实上,清朝末年,当列强逐浪而来,老大中国江河日下之际,日本的确是最能让中国人有亲近之感的——一则都是黄皮肤黑眼睛,二则日本向来被认为是中华文明的二传手,三则明治维新的成功对试图变法图强的中国士人是榜样和鼓励。彼时不仅曹汝霖亲日,即便秋瑾、孙中山、黄兴等正面的历史人物,都有着程度不一的亲日情结。

留日六年后,曹汝霖学成归国,就职于新成立不久的商部。在商部,他因参与中国和日本的东三省会议而结识袁世凯,两人虽地位悬殊,却从此订交。服务于清朝的几年间,曹汝霖拔擢之快,令人眼花缭乱:极短的时间里,他竟由商部的实习干部,升任为外务部左侍郎。这其中,既有他为人聪明圆滑之故,也和他的干练精明不无关系。如中日在东北发生摩擦时,他作为特派员前往东三省调查,回京后向朝廷条陈十事。比如他认为日本虽然在向东北移民,但由于甲午中日战争后日本还未恢复元气,中国理应趁此机会有所作为。东三省地广人稀,土壤肥美,每县所辖地盘比内地大许多倍,政府理应将这些县份划出一定区域,招募内地有志青年,移民屯田,寓兵于农,以此防卫地方。同时应多办工厂尤其是纺织厂,自足之外还可换取外汇。东三省的铁路一向由俄国和日本控制,中国只能认清现实,多造公路作为补救。应该说,这些提议确有可取之处,只是行将就木的清王朝忙于剜肉补疮,根本无暇顾及。

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