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中国古代的“特种兵”

2015-11-02 16:48:48   中国新闻网

真实再现中国当代特种兵神秘和传奇军旅生活的电视剧《我是特种兵》,吸引了很多观众的视线。残酷的训练、精良的装备、出神入化的战术技能……不少观众不由得慨叹“惊呆了”。从严格的意义上说,特种兵的出现始于二战时期,但在中国古代战争中,早已不乏“特种兵”的身影,如战国时期的铁鹰锐士、东汉的陷阵营、东晋的北府兵、隋朝的燕云十八骑、唐代的玄甲军、南宋的背嵬军、元代的怯薛军以及明代的蒙骑克星神机营、威震日寇的戚家军……

秦国

铁鹰锐士 剑术马战步战阵战皆精

“锐士”是战国时秦国经过选拔训练有素的步兵。秦孝公时商鞅变法,奖励耕战,按军功给予爵位和田宅,军力大盛,士兵的战斗力很强。秦国锐士可以以一敌十魏武卒,《荀子》中曾对秦国军事实力有过高度评价:“齐之技击不可以遇魏氏之武卒,魏氏之武卒不可以遇秦之锐士”。当时,步兵以魏国武卒最为精锐,天下呼之为“魏武卒”。骑战则以赵国的“胡刀骑士”和齐国的“技击骑士”并称精锐。商鞅变法后,秦国新军在收复河西的大战中横空出世,被天下惊呼为“锐士”。据《商君书·境内》记载,秦军中最小战术单位为伍,由五个士兵组成。十个伍组成一个屯,由五十名士兵组成。两个屯组成一个将,由一百名士兵组成。五个将组成一个主,由五百名士兵组成。两个主组成一个大将,由一千名士兵组成(此处的大将是秦军建制单位,非指将领)。军队在作战时,伍、屯、将、主、大将等战术组织联系紧密,配合默契。以一个伍为例,防守时五名军卒互相保护,进攻时如有人数优势则围攻敌人。混战时,伍内部兵卒之间始终保持紧密联系,不会被轻易击破。

铁鹰锐士是秦国最精锐的部队,由上将军司马错创立。铁鹰锐士不仅剑术超凡,而且要马战步战样样精通。铁鹰锐士的选拔极为苛刻:第一是体魄关。司马错在魏国名将吴起当年训练魏武卒“手执一支长矛、身背二十支长箭与一张铁胎硬弓、同时携带三天军粮,连续疾行一百里,能立即投入激战”的基础上,又增添了全副甲胄、一口阔身短剑、一把精铁匕首与一面牛皮盾牌,总负重约在八十余斤。通过了第一关,方能进入步战、骑战等各种较武关,以及各种阵式结阵而战的阵战关。据说,“十万秦卒出三千锐士”,秦国新军二十万,其中的“铁鹰锐士”只有一千六百人。

东汉

陷阵营 “铠甲具皆精练”每所攻击无不破者

陷阵营是东汉末年的一支精锐部队:“将众整齐,每战必克”。其统帅为吕布帐下的中郎将高顺。人称高顺“所将七百余兵,号为千人。”陷阵营“铠甲具皆精练齐整,每所攻击无不破者”,故名 “陷阵营”。

据《三国志》记载,吕布复为袁术使高顺攻刘备,公遣夏侯惇救之,不利。备为顺所败。(高)顺为人清白有威严,少言辞,将众整齐,每战必克。布性决易,所为无常。顺每谏曰:“将军举动,不肯详思,忽有失得,动辄言误。误事岂可数乎?”然而,“布知其忠而不能从。建安三年,布遂复从袁术,遣顺攻刘备於沛,破之。曹操遣夏侯惇救备,为顺所败……”南朝宋时裴松之为《三国志》注释时,曾专门引用《汉末英雄记》的内容,对陷阵营评价颇高。

遗憾的是,吕布不是一个帅才,“布知其忠,然不能用。布从郝萌反后,更疏顺。以魏续有外内之亲,悉夺顺所将兵以与续……”吕布的悲剧,也成为陷阵营这支精兵的悲剧!

东晋

北府兵 骁勇善战攻无不克战无不捷

北府兵是东晋孝武帝初年谢玄组建训练的军队,又名北府军。《晋书·刘牢之传》记载:“太元初,谢玄北镇广陵。时苻坚方盛,玄多募劲勇,牢之与东海何谦、琅邪诸葛侃、乐安高衡、东平刘轨、西河田洛及晋陵孙无终等以骁猛应选。玄以牢之为参军,领精锐为前锋,百战百胜,号为北府兵。”《资治通鉴》也云:“玄募骁勇之士,得彭城刘牢之等数人,以刘牢之为参军,常领精锐为前锋,战无不捷,时号北府兵。”

东晋孝武帝太元二年(377年),由于前秦已一统北部中国,东晋王朝受到空前的军事压力,因此诏求良将镇御北方。当时的重臣谢安遂任命其侄子谢玄应举。朝廷任命谢玄为建武将军、兖州刺史、领广陵相、监江北诸军事,镇广陵。其时广陵和京口聚居着大量逃避北方战乱而来的流民,谢玄到任后,在流民中选拔骁勇士卒,建立了一支军队,太元四年(379年),谢玄改镇京口,因为当时京口又名北府,故其所率军队得名北府兵。

太元八年(383年),北府军在淝水之战中一举击败前秦大军,刘牢之一度追到邺城,由此名声大振。晋安帝元兴元年(402年),北府军奉命征讨在荆州割据的桓玄,刘牢之投降桓玄。桓玄称帝后大大削减了刘牢之的兵权,刘牢之欲起兵反抗,但已众叛亲离,最后自杀而亡。元兴三年(404年),原北府军参军刘裕率余部在京口起兵,杀死桓玄。此后,北府军成为刘裕的军事支柱。420年,刘裕废东晋恭帝司马德文,自立为帝,建立大宋政权,北府军成为其皇家军队的中坚。

隋代

燕云十八骑 快如风烈如火以一敌百

在电视剧《隋唐英雄传》中,燕云十八骑曾被描绘得神乎其神。相传,燕云十八骑是由罗成父亲靖边侯罗艺率领的精锐骑兵,总共由十八个人组成,他们腰佩弯刀,脸戴面罩,头蒙黑巾,只露双眼,身披黑色长披风,脚踏胡人马靴,马靴配有匕首,众人背负大弓,每人负箭十八支,同时都配有清一色的圆月弯刀。燕云十八骑一般都是在大漠活动。据说,当年辽部察哈合台带领辽兵一万人,侵入燕门关抢掠,燕云十八骑暗中偷袭,一夜之间杀其三千多人,察哈合台带领余部逃回大漠,十八骑穷追不舍,一直追至察哈合台的家乡,察哈合台及全族二万余人被诛灭。此后,辽人都远走戈壁。再也没敢进犯。靠山王杨林曾经对燕云十八骑这样评价:快如风,烈如火,所到之处,寸草不留。强弓弯刀,善骑善射,以一敌百,未尝一败。燕云十八骑神出鬼没,并且个个都戴着面罩,从来没有人看到过他们的真面目。靖边侯罗艺死后,燕云十八骑被罗成解散。

然而,也有历史学者认为,燕云十八骑及其故事大多属于“演义”。

唐代

玄甲军 皂衣玄甲势如破竹无坚不摧

玄为黑色,甲即盔甲,玄甲军是唐朝初年的一支精锐骑兵部队,士兵身着黑铁盔甲纵横驰骋,所向披靡。《资治通鉴》一书对于玄甲军有这样的记载:“秦王世民选精锐千馀骑,皆皂衣玄甲,分为左右队,使秦叔宝、程知节、尉迟敬德、翟长孙分将之。每战,世民亲披玄甲帅之为前锋,乘机进击,所向无不摧破,敌人畏之。行台仆射屈突通、赞皇公窦轨将兵按行营屯,猝与王世充遇,战不利。秦王世民帅玄甲救之,世充大败,获其骑将葛彦璋,俘斩六千馀人,世充遁归。”

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