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中国俄罗斯百年角力暗战史:外蒙古独立始末

2015-08-14 15:02:27   人民网

雅尔塔三巨头私分外蒙

迫使国民政府坐到谈判桌前,和苏联商议解决外蒙问题的,还是国民党自身——1941年苏联和日本签订的《苏日中立条约》规定,苏联承认“满洲国”,日本承认“蒙古国”,两块中国领土成为苏日友好的交换条件。这一消息激怒了中国民众,蒋介石必须面对汹涌的舆论浪潮,他授意国民政府外长王世杰发布声明:“《苏日中立条约》对于中国绝对无效。”

但是当二战临近尾声,决定远东战局的关键一步棋,落在了斯大林手中。苏联是否参加对日作战,是1945年雅尔塔会议的重要议题。斯大林提出“维持外蒙古现状”,也就是继续由苏联控制外蒙,丘吉尔和罗斯福都没有异议。尽管这是一场没有人代表中国参加、却又涉及中国利益的会议,在美、英、苏三巨头看来,事情就算定了。

剩下的只是以何种形式通知中国政府——罗斯福显然不太好意思直说,他回到华盛顿之后对中国驻美大使魏道明表示,斯大林在雅尔塔会议上提出了维持外蒙古现状的要求——意思是,俄国人想要外蒙古,你们看着办吧。

蒋介石还没来得及抗议,罗斯福说完这句话后,不到两个月就死了。继任美国总统杜鲁门上台,1945年6月9日,他在白宫当面告诉国民政府外长宋子文雅尔塔会议的内容,明确表示:“一旦苏联参加对日作战,那么美国政府对于《雅尔塔协定》不能不给予支持。”

宋子文非常震惊:“中国政府绝对不同意苏联控制中国东北。”与此同时,苏联驻华大使彼得罗夫在重庆见到了蒋介石,也提出了苏联对于外蒙古和大连、旅顺等港口的要求。蒋介石认为,如果苏联出兵东北,中国可以为苏联提供满洲铁路和港口的使用权,但外蒙古问题还需再议。

谁去跟斯大林“再议”呢?1945年6月30日,一架飞机从重庆直飞莫斯科,机上的人除了宋子文、胡世泽、沈鸿烈、钱昌照等国民政府外交事务专家,还有一个与苏联关系格外密切的人——蒋经国,他在苏联留学生活十二年,还娶了个俄国姑娘为妻。论私交,蒋家和斯大林的关系还不错。

国民政府代表团在莫斯科机场受到热烈欢迎,蒋经国此时的身份是“首席翻译”,在日后写下的回忆录里,他记述了这次莫斯科谈判的生动细节:“我们到了莫斯科,第一次和斯大林见面,他的态度非常客气。但是到了正式谈判开始的时候,他的狰狞的面目就显露出来了……”

莫斯科谈判,宋子文一筹莫展

斯大林喜欢晚上开会,6月30日晚,中苏双方就进行了简短的初次会谈。宋子文首先转达了蒋介石的合作愿望:“孙中山先生给国民党员的遗训是,中国革命要成功,必须联合苏联。希望我们这次会谈,能为中苏建立友好和长期的合作打下基础。”正如蒋经国的描述,斯大林起初表现得很是客气:“沙俄政府过去企图瓜分中国,现在苏联尊重中国的主权和领土完整,我们一定可以相互理解。”

两天后的正式会谈一开始,斯大林就变脸了。蒋经国写道:“我记得非常清楚,当时斯大林拿一张纸向宋院长面前一掷,态度傲慢,举动下流。他说:‘你看过这个东西没有?’”

这张纸就是有罗斯福、丘吉尔、斯大林签字的《雅尔塔协定》,宋子文一看斯大林开门见山,也就不客气地说:“这份协定的内容,蒋总统已经知道,我们这次就是来讨论这些问题的。”

斯大林说:“你谈问题可以,但只能拿这个东西做根据,这是罗斯福签过字的。”

宋子文说:“前些天蒋总统已经对彼得罗夫大使讲过,现在不能解决外蒙古问题,我们应该把这个问题暂时搁置起来。”

“中国必须承认外蒙古独立。”斯大林说,“除此之外,别无选择。”

斯大林认为中国人“别无选择”是有道理的,在他看来,偏居重庆的国民政府,必须借助苏联的军事力量,才能给日本以致命打击。而且,共产党军队在中国北方的活动,也令蒋介石非常头疼——如果苏联支持的不是国民党,而是共产党……

但摆在宋子文面前的难题更多:日寇尚未击退,半个中国已成焦土,如果再把外蒙让给苏联,怎么向国人交代?他硬着头皮回答斯大林:“任何一个中国政府如果丧失领土,一定会垮台的。苏联为什么一定要拿到外蒙古?”

“假如有军事力量从外蒙古向苏联进攻,切断西伯利亚铁路,苏联就会遭受沉重打击。”斯大林说,“所以,苏联必须保卫外蒙古。”

这话的含义很丰富。如果日本战败,谁会从蒙古进攻苏联?

斯大林又进一步说:“你们是否承认外蒙古独立,还关系到苏联在中共问题上的立场。”

谈判到这里就僵住了。宋子文说:“我本人无权决定外蒙古问题,需要请示蒋总统。”“无权决定,你来干什么?”斯大林问。

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