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中国俄罗斯百年角力暗战史:外蒙古独立始末

2015-08-14 15:02:27   人民网

1955年,联合国代表大会上,中国代表蒋廷黻(左)与法国代表赫夫·阿尔方德交谈,这次大会上,蒙古申请加入联合国,蒋介石坚决投出了反对票(资料图)

本文原载于《文史参考》2012年第7期

1953年,在国民党“七大”上,蒋介石宣布不承认外蒙古独立,并就此作出沉痛检讨:“承认外蒙独立的决策,虽然是中央正式通过一致赞成的,但我本人仍愿负其全责。但我在当时,对外蒙问题唯有如此决策,或有确保战果,争取建国的机会。这是我的责任,亦是我的罪愆。”

蒙古高原上的中俄暗战

作为地理名词的“蒙古”是个复杂的区域,历史上几经变迁。相对于内蒙古而言,“外蒙古”指蒙古高原北部,既包括今天的蒙古人民共和国全境,还涵盖了俄罗斯境内的唐努乌梁海地区、贝加尔湖与额尔古纳河附近地带,以及哈萨克斯坦东北部的科布多地区。这片一百五十多万平方公里的广袤地域,曾经都是中国领土。

1660年,漠西蒙古准噶尔部在噶尔丹率领下进攻外蒙,外蒙地区的宗教领袖库伦活佛哲布尊丹巴决定归附清王朝。其实,当时他还可以选择依靠沙俄的力量,不过库伦活佛显然不喜欢俄国人,他说:“俄罗斯持教不同,必以我为异类,宜投中国兴黄教之地。”于是,在中俄两国争夺外蒙古的第一场暗战中,沙皇郁闷地落败。

然而,农历辛亥年的炮声终结了这一切。大清帝国土崩瓦解,沙皇再次想起了外蒙古这块肥肉。1911年底,沙俄鼓动外蒙古的活佛和王公们宣布独立,军队包围了库伦的蒙古办事大臣衙门,中国官员被驱逐。1913年,袁世凯的北洋政府与沙俄当局签订了《中俄声明》,规定中俄两国承认外蒙古自治,中国不得在外蒙古派驻官员、军队,不得移民。外蒙古名为“自治”,实际是在沙俄势力的控制下。第二场暗战,中国输了。

然而情况很快逆转。1917年,十月革命一声炮响,把俄国的皇帝也给打倒了。新上台的政府宣布废除沙俄与中国签订的不平等条约,但是对于外蒙古问题,苏俄声明:“外蒙古是一个自由的国家。”意思是外蒙古仍然应该独立。

这个意思在外蒙古当局看来却是不妙的信号,他们慌忙致电北京,表示不要“自治”,要求恢复前清旧制。因为外蒙古“自治”一直依赖沙俄援助,俄国人突然放手不管了,外蒙当局无法维稳。

此时的中华民国总统徐世昌高兴地下令,取消外蒙古自治,废除1913年的《中俄声明》和1915年的《中俄蒙协约》,把外蒙古接收回来。1919年11月,“中华民国西北筹边使公署”在库伦成立,徐树铮率兵驻防外蒙。孙中山发电报庆贺:“徐(树铮)收回蒙古,功实过于傅介子、陈汤,公论自不可没!”

好景不长,过了没几个月,段祺瑞政府下台,徐树铮被通缉,中国军队撤出库伦,外蒙局势再陷动荡。1921年3月19日,牧民出身的苏黑巴托尔和乔巴山领导蒙古人民党,组建了“蒙古临时人民政府”,宣布独立,并同蒙古上层王公势力展开激战。为了取胜,临时政府向苏联求助,5月,苏联红军入蒙参战,7月占领库伦,迫使蒙古王公与蒙古人民党共同成立“蒙古人民革命政府”。

中国政府不承认外蒙古“独立”,但国内军阀混战,谁都顾不上管边界领土问题。等到抗战爆发,大半个中国陷入水深火热,举国抗击的头号侵略者是日本,外蒙古更成了被“遗忘”的土地。从上世纪二十年代一直到四十年代,外蒙古成为事实上的苏联卫星国。

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