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渐行渐远:历史上中国真的有机会收回蒙古吗?

2015-04-09 14:43:58   人民网

然而就是这样一个党,于1921年在苏俄红军的帮助下,获得了蒙古政权。从那以后,蒙古逐渐沦为苏联的“不加盟共和国”。

1921年建立“人民政府”的人民革命党只有党员164名,在外蒙不到70万的人口中,仍只是很弱小的组织。1924年,君主哲布尊丹巴可疑地去世(蒙古史学家多认为被苏联谋害),在苏联的指使下,人民党于当年11月废除君主立宪制,建立“蒙古人民共和国”,开始一党专政,库伦改名为“乌兰巴托”(意为红色英雄城)。

1925年,人民党改名为“人民革命党”,正式加入共产国际,自称用“马列主义的无敌学说,以其科学理论的璀璨光辉照亮了蒙古人民革命党的战斗道路”。

人革党与蒙古的步调历程,完全是苏共和苏联的翻版。先展开“镇反”、“反右”,把党外的反对派、同盟者,党内的所谓“右派”清洗处决,后又展开惨烈的集体化和波及全党全国的血腥大清洗,王公贵族喇嘛学者自不必说,连党政军元老功臣高官也被屠戮一空,各种冤假错案层出不穷。

苏赫巴托1921年即启动这一进程,因去世得早,大部分工作由乔巴山完成。乔巴山大清洗中受斯大林青睐,消灭各个“政敌”,由此崛起为蒙古的“小斯大林”。乔巴山去世后,被斯大林和乔巴山重用的泽登巴尔不久即响应赫鲁晓夫的号召,效法“反斯大林化运动”,在蒙古又发起“反乔巴山化运动”。

至1940年代初,蒙古基本建立苏式政治经济文化体制,已是彻底俄化的苏联藩属国。1940年第十次党代会上,蒙古正式宣布这一进程顺利完成。人革党号称“工人阶级政党”,实质上1940年工人也仅占党员的5.9%。它成功的秘诀只是“老大哥”苏联。

战前,斯大林不公开吞并蒙古,也是与沙俄一样害怕刺激日本,被德日东西夹击。1939年,日本关东军曾在蒙古与“伪满洲国”交界处,与苏蒙联军打了一场“诺门坎战役”,关东军惨败。两年后,在中国抗战最艰难之际,斯大林与日本签下《苏日中立条约》,苏联承认满洲国,日本承认蒙古国。

中共建政,中蒙两党两国互称兄弟,共尊老大哥为首,中苏两党则共同援建蒙古小弟。中苏两党交恶后,蒙古跟着与中共反目成仇,破口大骂,甚至在境内对华人大打出手。中苏边境发生武装冲突后,蒙古更是直接驻扎大批苏军精锐,直接威胁北京。

几十年间,蒙古全面依附苏联的过程,也全程伴随排华:

1923年蒙古有商行2332家,其中中国商行就占了1440家,而俄国私营商行仅166家。但1921年建立的“人民政府”禁止偿还一切蒙古欠中国商人的债务,连私债都不允许还,对华商征收重税,严禁华商贩卖贵重物品。苏俄宣布旧卢布作废后,中国商家大批破产,华商所剩物资,外蒙当局强行以十分之一的价格购买。禁止华商华工出入境,也不许新人入境。至1930年代初,乌兰巴托华商从两万人锐减到两千-至1960年代中苏交恶,泽登巴尔将剩余中国人驱逐出境,并接管其财物。

1918年时,外蒙还有华人10万左右,到1963年时,统计显示为“无”。至1969年时,才又显示为“725人”。

因此,可以说二战结束后,无论任何人执掌中国政府,早已被“俄化”的蒙古之“独立”其实都是无法逆转的。

蒙古国眼中的“蒙古回归”

近年来,在中国大陆网上热炒的《蒙古大呼拉儿讨论回归中国》的假新闻,同样传到了蒙古国,并广为人知。

蒙古有些通晓汉语的大学生,常逛中文互联网,此则假新闻被翻译成蒙文后,又被转贴到蒙古互联网上,原始假新闻及中国网民在跟帖中对此热烈的美好想象,让看到它的蒙古人极为愤怒,它不但让无数人痛骂“想入非非的中国人”,还经过无数次网上网下“变形传播”,让不少蒙古老百姓误以为“中国将来会吞并蒙古”,加剧了对中国的防范排斥意识。

一位常驻蒙古的中国某机构负责人,孩子在当地国际学校上学,同学都是蒙古国政要名人子弟,这位中国学生的蒙古同学很认真地对他说:“我们知道的,你们中国对我们有野心。”而他们消息来源,即是这篇假新闻引发的中国网民的反应。

研究中蒙经贸关系的蒙古科学院学者旭日夫先生也提到此事,“这造成很大负面影响,不利于在蒙古生活的中国人。”值得一提的是,中国大陆某家喜欢以煽动性新闻做封面的国际类报纸,其带有民族情绪的新闻,无论是否与蒙古有关,都经常会成为引发蒙古媒体关注并炒作的题材。

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