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抗美援朝战争:真正让中国人“站立起来”的一仗

2014-04-03 21:27:03   中国青年报

在不到十年时间内,中国能用百亿元人民币就建立起配套的基础工业和国防工业基础,又在世界现代历史上创造了成本最低和规模速度空前的纪录。如果新中国不进行抗美援朝这一战,取得这样的经济回报也是不可想象的。

至于抗美援朝战争期间中国欠下的苏联军火债30亿元人民币(当时折合13亿美元)。至1959年已全部还清,其数额只占同期国家财政总支出的1.5%(1960年至1965年间归还的是对苏其他欠债23亿元),而且主要是以矿物而非农产品还债,对国家经济生活并无太大影响。今天的人们全面、客观地评价抗美援朝战争,还会感到毛泽东在出兵前的判断完全正确,那就是──“应当参战,必须参战。参战利益极大,不参战损害极大。”

爱国主义、革命英雄主义精神永远激励后人

抗美援朝战争刚开始时的中国,还是一片满目疮痍的贫困土地,按毛泽东的话说,国民经济的百分之九十还停留在古代。我们是人口数量占世界第一的文明古国,工业产值却只居于世界第26位,尚不及比利时等小国。此时美国的经济和科技实力超强于世界,工业产值占全球40%,中美军队的装备更是有着巨大的“代差”。当年的中国军民能在战场上一再打败有着世界上最优良装备的美军及其仆从军,最后迫使敌方以妥协方式结束战争,除了灵活的战略战术、采取联盟战略和充分挖掘战争潜力外,志愿军官兵的爱国主义、革命英雄主义精神又是压倒敌人的主要保障。

军队的战斗力,主要由“人和武器”两大因素构成。当年志愿军虽然装备落后,却有英勇顽强和吃苦耐劳的精神,能在极恶劣环境中过“一把炒面一把雪”的生活而坚持战斗。美军及其盟友则是“铁多气少”,装备虽居绝对优势,其官兵却厌战怕死,在陆地交锋中屡败于中朝军队,靠陆海空三军合成的强大火力才勉强守住战线。战争的基本定律是强胜弱败。新中国在物质技术条件远弱于敌的情况下,主要依靠政治优势和人力数量优势,有效地以己之长击敌之短,以革命英雄主义精神,抵消了敌军的技术优势,最终在战场上形成了均势。

除了前线指战员英勇奋战,当时全国人民也是有钱出钱,有力出力,全力支援前线。当时中国共产党及其领袖毛泽东有着崇高的威望,全国各界人民表现出了高度的爱国主义热情,大家一分一厘硬是省出了血汗钱,捐献给“最可爱的人”。教授、作家们捐献稿费,艺术家、演员到处义演,大学生利用勤工俭学把所得款捐献。更可敬的是那些生活还很艰难的工农群众,有的工厂的工人只留下伙食费而把其余工资都捐献出来;有的农民上山打柴,把卖得的钱都捐献给正在前线浴血奋战的子弟兵。仅在一年之间,全国人民捐献的人民币价值便相当于新币5亿多元,按当时一架米格战斗机价值15万元新币计算,可购买3700架。正是靠着这种可贵的爱国主义精神,我们当时还处于贫困状态的新中国才能支撑起那样一场当时世界上现代化水平最高的战争。

在全国人民进行抗美援朝动员时,领袖与人民保持了一致。组建志愿军出国作战时,毛泽东的长子毛岸英第一个向彭德怀报名,其他的人向这位领袖劝说时,得到的回答只是“谁让他是毛泽东的儿子!他不去谁还去?”身经百战的毛泽东完全知道战争的残酷和危险,让毛岸英去朝鲜绝不是某些“以小人之心度君子之腹”者所说的“镀金”,完全是出于以身作则。当年中央办公厅主任杨尚昆的日记,便记录了1951年1月初毛泽东得知毛岸英牺牲的情景──“此息告他。长叹一声之后,他说:牺牲的成千上万,无法只顾及此一人。事已过去,不必说了。”据毛主席身边的其他工作人员回忆,此后多年里,许多熟人亲友在他面前都从不提毛岸英的名字,以免引起毛泽东伤心。

在中国大地上,其实何止毛泽东如此,东邻半岛那片“三千里江山”(以南北长度计,一朝里相当0.3公里),以及长眠在那里的十几万志愿军烈士,多少年来一直牵动着亿万人的梦里情怀。提起汉江南岸的日日夜夜,钢铁运输线上的烽火岁月,以及清川江、临津江、松谷峰、上甘岭……多少国人至今难忘。

正是靠着“牺牲的成千上万”,包括毛泽东深爱却“无法只顾及”的“一人”,新中国才能在极其困难的条件下同强敌较量并取得宝贵的胜利。当年从领袖到基层战士的英雄气概,也长久地感动着一代代国人。

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