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外媒揭古巴苏联恩仇史:后者撤走导弹被认为是背叛

2016-12-01 09:48:38   

图为卡斯特罗与赫鲁晓夫。

12月1日报道外媒称,对菲德尔·卡斯特罗领导的古巴来说,在面对美国敌对的情况下,苏联在很长一段时期内都是军事和经济支援者的形象。

据法新社11月26日报道称,俄罗斯总统普京向古巴革命之父致敬,在冷战期间正是卡斯特罗使古巴成为莫斯科具有重大战略意义的盟友。普京说,卡斯特罗是“时代象征”,是“俄罗斯忠诚、可靠的朋友”。

苏联最后一位领导人戈尔巴乔夫也向这位“伟大的政治人物”致敬,称其让古巴“顽强抵御了”美国的封锁。这位俄罗斯政治改革之父曾在25年前加速了苏联的解体,但他拒绝谈论后苏联时代的政治空白。他说:“很不幸,有一段时期国际关系趋冷,我不想在这个悲伤的日子谈这个问题。”

结盟

在1959年古巴革命结束、菲德尔·卡斯特罗上台后,处于冷战时期的莫斯科在美国后院获得了一个盟友。最初,苏联当局在琢磨古巴新领导人会如何行事。但是美国的封锁迫使卡斯特罗寻求外部支援并向苏联靠拢。卡斯特罗联系赫鲁晓夫,莫斯科开始向哈瓦那供应煤炭换取蔗糖。

对于身处对美冲突中的古巴,苏联的支援很有吸引力。于是,古巴很快就卷入了冷战最紧张事件的漩涡。1961年,流亡的古巴人企图登陆猪湾失败让美国蒙羞,也让卡斯特罗更加向苏联靠拢。

第二年,作为对美国在意大利和土耳其部署导弹的回应,赫鲁晓夫说服卡斯特罗同意在古巴部署导弹,而这里距美国南海岸只有150公里。约翰·肯尼迪警告赫鲁晓夫,如果不拆除导弹就会面临美方打击。在两大霸权紧张关系不断升级之后的10月28日,赫鲁晓夫未征求卡斯特罗的意见就同意撤离导弹,换来的是美国郑重承诺不入侵古巴。这一协议被卡斯特罗认为是一种背叛,因为他要求的是美国停止封锁和不再支持反卡斯特罗的活动。接下来的几年,哈瓦那开始靠向中国,同时依然保留着与苏联的紧密联系。卡斯特罗于1963年首次访问莫斯科。

决裂

苏联对古巴经济进行了大规模投资,并且提供了大量军事援助。然而,在苏联解体前那些年,古巴最大的金主苏联没能很好地履行诺言。1989年起,苏联中断了对古巴的援助,给古巴经济造成了巨大打击。卡斯特罗开始实行一些经济改革,并对外国游客打开国门。

苏联1991年的解体,恶化了莫斯科和哈瓦那之间的关系,让双方关系进入了冰点。近10年之后,普京单方面决定关闭在哈瓦那郊区的洛尔德斯监听站,俄罗斯和古巴的关系进一步恶化。

直到卡斯特罗让位给弟弟劳尔·卡斯特罗,与西方关系紧张的俄罗斯才开始与拉美国家再次拉近距离。2009年,劳尔·卡斯特罗成为20多年来第一位访问俄罗斯的古巴领导人,2015年他曾重返莫斯科。

2014年,普京在访问古巴前取消了古巴对俄巨额债务(310亿美元)的90%。普京访问古巴期间签署了多个经济协议,并且会晤了菲德尔·卡斯特罗。其间,哈瓦那与美国的关系也开始升温,美国逐渐放松了对古巴的封锁。

反观莫斯科与华盛顿的关系,则已降至冷战结束后双边关系的最低点。


责任编辑:谢辉 CM026
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