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其三、前所未有的反体制力量。美国大众对所谓的精英阶层-——毕业于藤校、掌控舆论传媒、长期在法律、金融、学界、政界谋生的群体——表现出了极端的不信任,甚至到达了水火不容的地步。正是这股强大的反体制力量,将特朗普、桑德斯等人推向了前台,甚至精英出身的克魯茲也以反体制的形式兜售自己的基督原教旨主义立场。具有讽刺意味的是,冷战结束以来,美国到处发起颜色革命,如今自身却面临着一场社会、政治和文化上的反体制革命,这种局面不但会对美国今后的发展产生重大的负面影响,而且由于美国的世界霸主地位,也必将对整个世界的和平发展带来巨大的挑战。目前,无论欧洲、亚洲还是拉丁美洲,朝野各界和大众舆论都对美国的总统大选忧心忡忡,“特朗普现象”已成为人们在各种舆论场合谈论的主要负面话题,更有一些精英人士公开表示对特朗普的厌恶。如此种种,反而更加凸显了特朗普等人的反体制形象,从而助长了他们对反体制大众的吸引力。
下一任美国总统面临两条道路选择但是,美国的总统大选不论结果如何,都不可能在一夜之间颠覆美国的地位和形象。美国的霸主地位使得它的国家利益与全球利益相结合,其高度现代、多元的社会体制和结构,使其形成了一个长期稳定的战略精英团队,正是这个团队——而非美国总统——决定了美国今后对内对外政策的走向。从这个意义上看,不论是希拉里执政,还是特朗普得逞,美国政策制定的决定因素在于领导人组建的团队,而非总统本人在竞选时的承诺和取向。尤其本届大选,美国对外政策乏善可陈和国内四分五裂的局面,使得大选的主要话题都集中在国内政治,而不是对外政策。所以,要准确评估美国今后的对内对外政策,还有待于两党全国代表大会确定提名后竞选者团队的形成。因此,目前就对美国候选人的政策进行推断,为时过早,也不切实际。
美国战略精英及其倚赖的政治势力错曾复杂,但就政策团队而言,大体上是四套人马,哪套人马能够上台对判断美国今后的政策有着重要的提示作用。民主党有两套人马。一套是以前总统比尔·克林顿集团为首的团队,即所谓的南方团队,还有一套是以新英格兰/中西部民主党大本营为首的北方团队。如果希拉里·克林顿能够入主白宫,在建立团队时自然会倾向于招用比尔·克林顿团队的旧部。但是,考虑到希拉里和他丈夫克林顿错综复杂的关系,她也可能会继承支撑奥巴马的北方团队。特朗普的情况要更复杂一些。共和党和三大利益集团——以华尔街为中心的资本集团、以南方诸州为中心的能源产业集团、及以传统工业带为中心的军工企业集团——有着深刻的渊源,作为呼声最高的共和党竞选领跑者,特朗普与这三大集团几乎毫无渊源,却维持领跑地位,可见共和党破裂之烈。而这三个集团又分化成以布什家族为首的偏向保守、偏向利益驱导的团队,以及里根执政以来所形成的以美国西岸为中心的相对更加开放、但意识形态色彩浓厚的团队。一个值得注意的现象是,自杰布·布什退选以来,整个布什家族及其团队的主要人物都停止了对特朗普的攻击,引人思考。
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