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中国同意制裁朝鲜俄为何还阻挠:与华默契反制美

2016-03-03 13:45:38   观察者网

从目前看,普京仍然会在俄罗斯长期执政,其发展路径不会改变。政治强人都无法做到的事情,未来其他领导人恐怕也无能为力。就是想做,只怕已经时不我待了。

最后要说的是,俄罗斯的衰落并不是从普京时代开始的,把责任全都归到普京身上也不公平。苏联解体后,俄罗斯也开始了从计划经济到市场经济转型,几乎和中国同步,但双方的成效却相差巨大。俄罗斯虽然采取激进的政治、经济改革:一步到位式的政治民主化、一步到位式的经济私有化,但到今天,其成就却远远比不上中国。

从政治上讲,中国已经完成权力的制度性交接,整个体制不再依赖某一个政治强人。俄罗斯虽然照搬了西方制度,但其历史上依赖政治强人的传统并无改变。当江泽民是最高领导人时,俄罗斯是普京;当胡锦涛主政时,俄罗斯还是普京,当中国进入习近平时代时,俄罗斯还是普京。在政治发展上,中国显然走到了俄罗斯的前面。

经济上,俄罗斯今天的市场化程度(市场在资源配置上所起的作用)和规范程度(法治化)以及经济的自由度远远落后于中国。但非常奇怪的是,西方已经于2002年承认了俄罗斯的市场经济地位,直到今天还没有承认中国。不过更为吊诡的是,世贸组织接纳俄罗斯却比接纳中国晚了十年。

俄罗斯当初激进的私有化改革使其庞大的工业体系遭受解构,农业发展大受影响,整个经济到1998年降至低谷。1992年到1998年,俄罗斯GDP下降40%,下降幅度超过俄罗斯国内战争时期和苏联卫国战争时期下降的总和(1995年底,消费品价格与1991年底相比上涨了1411倍,与1990年底相比上涨了3668倍)。更严重的后果则是私有化产生了一批新的经济权贵,既无公平性,也无效率。而且这些经济权贵迅速从财团寡头变身为政治寡头,干预俄罗斯朝政。叶利钦时代总理之所以更换如此频繁,就是财团意志表现的结果。

正如俄罗斯远东研究所经济学博士瓦·维·日古列娃说,俄罗斯最大的失误是私有化改革。俄罗斯改革主要的教训在于,政治精英们在西方的建议下选择了错误的休克疗法。他们无论就其道德水准、政治上的成熟、起码的诚实和良心,还是对国家和人民的责任的理解,都承担不起这一历史重任。今天再回顾这一段历史,世人大概都感到难以置信:何以俄罗斯天真地相信西方几百年间发展起来的那一套,竟然可以瞬间移植到自身?何以俄罗斯竟然天真地相信,一个地缘政治对手竟然会帮助自己度过难关?

2016年在台湾观摩选举时,一位研究俄罗斯的台湾专家这样点评:普京正把俄罗斯向中国双手奉上,中国一定不要错过。其实中国历史上就不会觊觎他国,这位台湾学者显然是误读。但他的结论也表明,未来俄罗斯不会再是中国的威胁,中国只要自己正常发展,国际关系的主导权就在自己手上。历史上,一个中国领导下的亚洲是和平与秩序(西方是殖民和战争),当一个中国主导下的世界来临之时,我们相信,中国带给世界的仍然是和平与秩序。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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