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美军下一代战略轰炸机曝光:绝非“廉价版”B-2

2016-02-29 08:21:01   候知健

二:以美国现阶段的技术水平来说,B-2哪些技术和性能已经落伍?

虽然基本的总体设计上,B-2至今没有过时;但是航空和各领域的工程始终在不断进步,用今天的眼光来看,B-2上不可避免有大量的技术和设备都到了技术寿命的后期。一方面,现在的技术可以做出更好的产品;另一方面,美军要在未来长期保持对于中国和俄罗斯防空体系的压制优势,也必须再次提升隐身轰炸机各方面的作战水平。

在B-21方案中,最先需要改进的就是B-2的航空电子设备。B-2服役于上世纪90年代,采用的电子设备应用技术实际上只能更老——而近30年间人类电子工业水平是在以怎样的速度发展,每个人只要看看手机和电脑都能切身体会到。

图:B-2使用的AN/APQ-181相控阵雷达

虽然在2012年时,B-2花了接近12亿美元更换雷达火控和座舱显示设备、通信系统,但并没有对B-2的航电系统设备进行全面的升级换代。这一阶段的改进使B-2通过新的卫星天线,能够随时全球任意地点的美军指挥官和其它战机进行联系;并且携带SDB-II型精确制导炸弹,能够搜索并打击运动中的目标,然而这样的战斗力升级还不足以满足美军未来的作战需求。

图:维护表面涂料、尤其是密封条,是B-2使用中最麻烦的事情

其次B-2的隐身材料体系也必须完全更换掉。B-2作为突破性的产物,它的隐身设计在当年是难以兼顾维护性等其它方面要求的,这种缺陷在早期非常突出。B-2的复合隐身涂层达到5层以上,并不耐气流冲蚀和雨点的撞击,这使它每一次飞行之后都会因为涂料的剥离和裂纹而导致隐身性能下降,必须在地面进行仔细的检测和喷涂维护。

尤其是在最初批次的B-2上,用于掩盖蒙皮接缝和舱盖的密封条可靠性相当低,在潮湿条件下特别容易出问题(失去粘性、裂纹、剥落)。一些重点部位往往又必须采用多层密封,而只要一层出现问题,常常必须铲掉全部密封材料完全重来,以至于有些地方的密封条一旦失效需要数天的时间。直到后续批次更换涂层材料以后,才将维护时间压缩到几十个小时以内。

图:注意每侧有两台发动机,进气道经历一个很大很急剧的S型弯曲后才连接到发动机前端。4台发动机带来了更高的采购和维护成本。

最后一点来说,B-2使用的F118发动机(F110发动机的无加力燃烧室版本)只能代表美国上世纪80年代的技术水平,其推力大小和燃油效率放在今天已经不能令人感到满意。实际上B-2选择F118的主要原因,是为了不破坏飞翼布局的整体外形,只能选择体积紧凑,发动机直径和长度都很小的型号;而相对于高速飞行性能的F100发动机,F110发动机在亚音速时的推力和油耗表现都更好。

三:B-21在将会采用哪些新的技术?性能方面有哪些变化?

B-2为了满足搜索地面、海上目标,以及控制飞机超低空跟随地形起伏突防的需要,它的雷达有很强的探测和扫描成像能力;但是在对未知地面威胁的感知等防御电子系统方面,美国空军对B-2的性能并不满意——而在进攻性的电子战能力,B-2更是并不具备。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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