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重返亚太是不是“战略平衡”恐怕只有美国明白

2014-06-25 14:12:07   中国青年报

相比入伍动机不纯,更严重的是,伊拉克“民兵武装”林立,教派冲突各方往往拥有各自武装,作战能力丝毫不亚于目前的伊拉克军队。特别是在伊军组建过程中,一些民兵武装趁机组织人员加入。这些人员表面上是伊拉克士兵,暗地则效忠于各“民兵组织”,甚至参与各种暴力活动。

由于军队不给力,伊拉克已正式请求美国派兵支援。然而由于担心平息叛乱会付出巨大代价,一旦军事行动结束,伊拉克又会重蹈覆辙陷入内乱,所以奥巴马尽管宣布了援助伊拉克安全部队的一揽子方案,但至今仍坚持不发动空袭,也不向伊拉克派兵,奥巴马称美方掌握更多叛军情报后,将视局势发展采取有针对性的精确打击,并强调“美国作战部队不会重返伊拉克打仗”。

也许,美国已经从伊拉克战争中记取了教训,那就是切勿轻起战端。发动战争或许很容易,但要想获得完美结果,并非易事。

伊朗,究竟是防范还是合作

有意思的是,近来的伊拉克危机引出了一大话题,那就是美国与伊朗这对宿敌合作的可能。

我们知道,在推翻萨达姆政权过程中,什叶派和库尔德武装开始壮大起来。2003年夏季,当时在巴格达的美国官员们解散了萨达姆时期的军队,这致使约20万名老兵失业。萨达姆时期伊拉克军队主要由逊尼派军官主导,旧军队解散后什叶派和库尔德人获得了主导权。这些新上任的军官都是以前的宗教团体领袖或者少数民族武装领袖,而原先就有的一些民兵武装也被整体改编成了新军。

目前的伊拉克军队内什叶派和库尔德人占据主导地位,因此逊尼派武装分子反对美国有着广泛的群众基础。逊尼派穆斯林认为武装分子是唯一能够保护他们的安全力量,有些人甚至认为逊尼派武装分子是合法武装。

而此前,尽管美国军方指挥官宣称伊拉克新军内军官的比例与伊拉克各派别占全国人口的比例接近,即60%的人是什叶派,20%的是逊尼派,15%~20%的是库尔德人。但是实际上士兵中什叶派所占比例很高。因此,随着美军逐步开始撤军,因派别问题发生内战的种子已经埋下。这也是这次以逊尼派为主体的反政府武装能够节节胜利的深层次原因。

也正因如此,以什叶派穆斯林为主体的伊朗表示不能袖手旁观。伊朗总统鲁哈尼就扬言不惜一切保护什叶派圣地,直截了当地为出兵伊拉克铺路。这其中除了宗教因素外,恐怕更牵涉国家利益。当年萨达姆的入侵触发两伊战争,成为伊朗人惨痛的回忆。假如逊尼派再次控制巴格达,伊朗未来的日子恐怕不会好过。

的确,伊朗的表态让美国十分纠结。虽然由伊朗出手,美国可坐享其成,但一旦容许开了先例,美国也担心伊朗日后再以什叶派遭打压为借口,向巴林或沙特阿拉伯等逊尼派政府动手。 当前,两伊平衡被破坏,伊朗少了伊拉克的羁绊,影响力大增。加之美国对以色列的控制力下降,与中东许多国家的关系被削弱。美国与穆斯林的矛盾急剧加深,即使是温和穆斯林国家也表示出对美国的不满,在这种情况下,美国对伊朗更多的是防范而非合作。

所以,从目前情况看,“解铃还需系铃人”。要把伊拉克的安全形势稳定下来,还是要靠政治智慧,那就是伊拉克的安全部队不能成为某一教派、某一政治势力的力量,而是真正成为一支伊拉克人民的军队。如果伊拉克军队能够在人民的心中树立这种形象,伊拉克安全部队是有能力维护伊拉克稳定的。

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