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揭秘中国首批航天员训练:北极圈-50℃生存48小时

2016-11-15 10:02:07   

这遗憾注定伴随他终生。依照后来的形势判断,这也可能是首批航天员队伍里特有的现象,未来的走向谁都无法预测,只能用时间去验证最终答案。如此说来,首批的14名航天员某种程度上更像是孤胆探路者,他们把人生中最宝贵的壮年献给了载人航天事业,而这项事业自发轫之始就显示出它复杂而微妙的特质。

在吴杰和李庆龙被派往俄罗斯学习之前的几年间,从1991年到1996年,航天发射经历了惊人的失败,有人讲是50%的成功率,载人航天到底搞不搞,敢不敢搞,在当时都是令决策者困惑的难题。

最终的结论是:航天医学工程系统被命名为航天员系统,为“921”工程7大系统之一。“921”工程作为载人航天工程历史上多番尝试的结果,终于取得成功,航天医学与工程研究所(简称“航医所”,后改名为航天员中心)随着工程上马可以公开招兵买马,壮大队伍。从“曙光号”到“921”,航医所中的多位工作人员见证了整个过程,为飞天的千古一梦做了长达30年的准备。当载人航天真正要开始启动的时候,他们却到了退休的年纪,许多人心有不甘,壮志挥泪。

吴杰以为自己的命运会有不同。他所说的“赶上了好时候”,是指他和他的队友们能参与到载人航天的实质发展阶段中来。如果把这个过程比作一场勇敢者游戏,那么这场游戏在骰子每一次的投注中都不可避免地产生出局者。

我国首批航天员之所以招募人数为14名,是因为借鉴了美国和俄罗斯的航天员选拔经验,原则上航天员训练过程中淘汰率一般为50%。2003年7月,在杨利伟首飞之前,14名航天员集体参加考核,这对他们相当于生死一战。考评委员会分为政治思想、专业技术及心理、医学评价3个组,通过复核试卷、回放录像、计算训练5年多来的各项考试等级和训练成绩,综合各界意见,最后给每个航天员打出总分。

7月3日,评选结果揭晓:14名航天员全部具备了独立执行航天飞行任务的能力,予以结业,并同时获得三级航天员资格。这意味着中国第一代航天员正式产生,标志着中国成为继俄罗斯和美国之后,世界上第3个能够独立培养航天员的国家。并且,这个成绩还打破了世界航天界的一项纪录:中国航天员大队的训练,淘汰率为零。任何美好的事物背面都难免有阴影。这样的成绩也暗示了另外一个事实:并不是每一名航天员都有执行飞行任务的机会。

“神舟一号”返回舱运回北京的第二天,时任国务院总理朱镕基曾到北京航天城视察,反复强调质量问题,并激励在场的航天员们:你们是英雄,你们的名字将留在中华民族的史册上。

第一个把名字留在中华民族史册上的航天员是杨利伟。朱镕基发表讲话的时候,吴杰还不知晓未来什么时候能够驾驶中国的飞船和空间飞行器对接。当时载人航天的整体计划是,经过4次无人飞船的探索,争取在2002年、确保于2003年实现中国载人航天的突破。

于是,经过航天员大队14名航天员5年零6个月(吴杰和李庆龙的俄罗斯训练时间不计入内)、2000多个日日夜夜的奋斗,时间倏忽跨越到2003年。

这一年,中国载人航天事业迎来了属于自己的新纪元。

责任编辑:秦涛 cm006
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