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专家解读余旭蓝天折翼:弹射跳伞难以万无一失

2016-11-14 09:38:04   

12日,空军八一飞行表演队中队长余旭在飞行训练中不幸牺牲。余旭代号“金孔雀”,是我国首位歼-10战斗机女飞行员,也是全国仅有的几名具备表演机飞行资格的女飞行员之一。

有消息称,余旭在训练双机翻滚中遇到事故,跳伞时撞到僚机副翼,血洒蓝天。中国航空报航空专家张宝鑫向科技日报记者表示,编队飞行时飞机距离很近,也有高度差,存在出现这种事故的可能。这与人为操作无关,而取决于飞机相对位置以及弹射抛线。

“通常考虑的都是单机飞行时的脱离,没有考虑过在密集编队情况下弹射,其他编队机是否会对弹射曲线造成干扰,从而导致二次伤害的问题。”张宝鑫说。他认为,如果余旭的牺牲真是因为密集编队造成弹射救生失败,应在今后弹射座椅的设计中增加相关考量,比如怎样调整弹射的姿态、角度等。

弹射跳伞是飞行员遇到紧急情况时最后的逃生手段。张宝鑫介绍,目前国际上的主流装备是第三代弹射座椅,安全飞行包线较大,原则上可以做到“零高度、零速度”弹射,能挽救大部分飞行员的生命安全。然而弹射跳伞绝非万无一失,其成功率会受到多种因素影响。

首先,飞行员坐在座舱里,头顶有座舱盖,弹射的方式包括抛盖弹射和穿盖弹射。前者如果出现抛盖不及时,或抛盖角度不妥现象,有可能对飞行员造成二次伤害;穿盖弹射时,要对座舱盖进行破碎,其过程也有可能使飞行员受伤。

同时张宝鑫表示,飞机的速度越快,对飞行员造成的伤害越大。“突然被弹出舱外,遇到迎面而来的强大气流,对飞行员来说如同撞墙。”他说。

此外,飞机出现故障时,不可能保证处于平飞状态。如果是侧飞、倒飞姿态,都会对弹射跳伞的成功率带来影响。

今年4月27日,我国海军某舰载航空兵部队一级飞行员张超操纵飞机着陆后,机头突然大幅上仰。张超推杆无效后选择弹射跳伞,但由于距离地面太近,降落伞没有张开,张超坠地受重伤,经抢救无效牺牲。张宝鑫说,飞行高度也是弹射跳伞的重要因素。目前的弹射装置采用二级火箭,二次点火、抛掉座椅等步骤都需要时间。如果飞机具备一定高度,比如几百米以上,留给飞行员的反应时间会相对充裕,也便于飞行员调整飞机姿态;反之则风险更大。

除了弹射过程,降落伞开伞也存在风险。张宝鑫说,降落伞开伞需要一定的高度和气流条件,条件不符合可能导致开伞失败。如果飞机故障让伞包受损,也会使降落伞无法正常打开。(科技日报北京11月13日电 记者 付毅飞)

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