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中国长征七号/五号新一代运载火箭有多“冷”?

2016-06-14 10:21:44   中国航天科技集团

R7运载火箭

1961年4月12日,世界第一位航天员加加林乘坐苏联东方号运载火箭进入地球轨道运行并安全返回地面,人类载人航天史也由此拉开大幕。这一次,载人的东方号运载火箭推进剂选择的是低温液氧和煤油组合。

东方号运载火箭

上世纪60年代初期,美苏太空竞赛将运载火箭技术推到了登峰造极的地步。当时,著名的土星5火箭一子级推进剂选择了低温液氧和煤油组合,二子级和三子级推进剂选择了低温液氢和低温液氧组合。

土星5火箭

随着现代科学技术的进步,人类对于太空的探索、应用需求也日益增加。为了适应这种需求,20世纪末,世界主要航天大国陆续开展了新一代运载火箭的研制。在此轮运载火箭的更新换代中,低温火箭成了众人的不二之选。

无论是美国的宇宙神5系列、德尔塔4系列,还是欧空局的阿里安5系列、俄罗斯的安加拉系列以及日本的H2A系列运载火箭,均不约而同地选择了或者液氢/液氧,或者液氧/煤油的推进剂组合,世界航天运载火箭经过半个多世纪的发展后,在液体推进剂的使用方面呈现出大统一局面。

进入21世纪,航天飞机陆续退役,以低成本为目标的美国SpaceX公司研制的猎鹰1和猎鹰9运载火箭,承担起了空间站的货物运输任务。猎鹰火箭推进剂还是选择了低温液氧和煤油组合。

猎鹰9运载火箭

可见,几乎世界航天发展的走过的每一个重要节点上都有“低温”的标签,这是历史的选择。

研发难度大 技术挑战多

有一个叫做比冲的参数直接影响了运载火箭的能力,这个参数和推进剂组合类型直接相关。研究发现,低温推进剂组合的比冲参数往往显著高于常温推进剂组合。

从最初德国的V2导弹,到苏联的R7火箭发射首颗人造卫星,再到美国成功实施的阿波罗计划,以至后来的系列发展,人类从未因为低温带来的技术困难而放弃过对低温推进剂的使用。

1993年,印度决定自行研制低温液氧-液氢发动机,期间经历了数次挫折,最终在20多年后的2014年才发射成功。

当然,除了卓越的性能优势让人们心甘情愿地接受低温推进剂所带来的技术难题的话,那么相对于普遍具有毒性和强腐蚀性的常温推进剂而言,低温推进剂组合的无毒、无污染特性,也能让我们说服自己更多地采用这项技术。这也是当前主流火箭均普遍选择低温推进剂的另一个重要原因。

可以预见,未来,低温火箭的数量将越来越多,地位也会越来越重要。(来源:中国航天科技集团)

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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