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俄专家深度解读运-20:设计中庸 改装特种机浪费

2016-04-06 10:03:42   中国军网

回顾近几年中国的天空,充满了传奇式的新军机,尤其以“大”著称的运-20大型军用运输机自从2013年首飞后,标志着中国建设“战略空军”的步伐进一步加速。作为中国有史以来制造的最大吨位飞机,运-20所体现出来的设计意图、技术水准以及未来潜力,都让世界各国为之瞩目,特别是著名军事专家徐勇凌在接受人民网采访时表示,鉴于运-20的研发和生产均未遇到瓶颈性难题,有望2016年便可投入使用。消息一出,引发多方关注,甚至有印度网友表示“中国军工领先我们印度至少20年”。俄罗斯军事专家格利高里·奥梅利琴科详细分析了运-20的开发细节与性能指标,可视为外国人对中国“鲲鹏”的专业解读,颇值得参考。

气动布局取中庸

俄专家分析,从近来曝光的图片不难发现,运-20是一架设计路线趋向中庸的运输机。从机体规模来看,它比美军装备多年的C-17大型战略运输机几乎小了一圈,但又比俄罗斯伊尔-76运输机稍大。运-20在总体设计上参考了伊尔-76的某些方案,但在机尾等位置又融合C-17的一些特点。机翼是飞机产生升力的主要部件,机翼设计的好坏,直接决定飞机的定位和性能。运-20采用悬臂梁式上单翼、外置中央翼盒、超临界翼型、活动式三缝增升襟翼的设计。

所谓外置中央翼盒,就是机翼的中央翼盒从货舱顶部而过,置于机体之外,通过保形整流罩以机体相连,在机背上方形成较为突出的鼓包,伊尔-76也采用这种设计,与之形成鲜明对比的是,美国C-17采用内置中央翼盒,机翼从机身内部穿过,机体外观较为平滑。中央翼盒到底是外置还是内置,主要由运输机的定位决定。

在翼型设计上,运-20采用超临界机翼,这种方案在中国起步较早,当初运-10飞机就曾应用过,后来又用K-8/教练-10中级教练机上改装过超临界机翼验证机,之后又在ARJ-21支线客机上成功应用,如今用在运-20身上,自然水到渠成。超临界机翼是通过对机翼剖面的特殊设计,让气流在通过机翼时加速性放缓,使飞机在继续加速过程中推迟产生激波或者使产生的激波变弱,这种设计可以使飞机保持较高的经济航速,还具有内部容积大、结构重量轻、翼展较短等优点。

在襟翼增升方面,运-20采用活动式三缝增升襟翼设计,这种设计一般见于大型民航客机上。根据计算,这种三缝增升襟翼,可使全机升力系数提高1.5倍左右,不足之处是这种襟翼十分复杂,有多达10余个活动翼面,滑退、偏转机构较为繁琐,制动机构、滑轨、整流罩等也比较多,在野战条件环境下可靠性将面临考验。

货舱设计是关键

俄专家认为,一架运输机,真正的价值还是看它的运力,而货舱设计是其中关键一环,假如货舱不够宽大,将很难装载大尺寸的作战装备。俄军事运输航空兵所使用的伊尔-76飞机在货舱宽度上就吃了闷亏,它的基本型有40吨最大载荷,在重量上勉强可带一辆空车的T-72坦克,但T-72有3.52米宽,已经超过伊尔-76的3.45米的货舱地板宽度,要想上飞机,只有把坦克两侧裙板拆掉,这时候T-72就只有3.38米宽。根据印度陆军实际使用经验,T-72硬塞进伊尔-76货舱后,坦克两边的履带距离飞机货舱舱壁只有一条腿的宽度,也就是10厘米左右,相当挤。

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