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美在韩部署萨德:中国核弹发射后45秒就能被发现

2016-02-18 08:45:31   观察者网

根据吴日强副教授的测算,日本南部部署的X波段雷达能够观测到中国潜射导弹发射后121秒至243秒的飞行过程,而韩国现有的绿松雷达(L波段,探测距离500公里)能够观测发射后45秒至172秒的飞行过程。因此,在发射后45秒至300秒这样一个关键的区段内,美国在东北亚的反导系统缺乏一部可连续进行观测的X波段雷达。这一缺失环节,将随着“萨德”系统在韩国部署而得以补全。吴日强副教授的分析结果是,在韩部署的“萨德”系统及其X波段雷达,将能够观测中国潜射导弹发射后45秒至288秒的飞行过程。这就意味着,美国反导系统能够获得中国潜射导弹从升空至弹头弹体分离的完整数据,辨别诱饵和真弹头的能力将大大提升,从而为中段和末段的拦截提供更为准确的引导。因此,中国的核报复能力,特别是海基核报复能力将面临着严重威胁。

从这些分析中不难看出,美国的基本思路是将识别能力较高的X波段雷达向前部署,从而弥补其探测距离不足的缺陷;这与苏联将中程导弹靠前部署至古巴以弥补战略打击能力不足的思路异曲同工。然而,这场亚洲版的“古巴导弹危机”虽然不至于激化至全面核战争的地步,却将对中国的安全和中美战略稳定性产生重大威胁隐患。

在韩部署“萨德”系统将威胁战略稳定性

在韩部署的“萨德”系统对于中国安全威胁是实实在在的。和平时期,更加靠近中国的X波段雷达能够更好地观测中国的导弹试验,特别是落点为中国东部海域的试验,从而为战时积累数据;一旦中美关系陷入危机乃至冲突,在韩的X波段雷达可以转换工作模式,成为观测中国潜射导弹的前沿探测器,大大提升美国对于中国导弹的拦截能力。这些安全威胁一方面是对中国单方面的,另一方面也将危及中美共同的战略稳定性。

“战略稳定性”这一概念起源于冷战时期。其最主要的衡量指标是“危机稳定性”,形象地来说就是“双方都抢着抢先摁核按钮的可能性”。如果双方关系陷入到危机状态中,本方认为先发制人没有什么好处,也知道对方也持相同看法,以及对方也知道本方持相同看法。这样的话,即使双方关系极度恶化,互相发射导弹的可能性也比较低。这就是所谓的“战略稳定”。

战略稳定性取决于多种因素,反导和导弹技术之间的对比就是其中之一。如果导弹防御一方的反导能力非常强大,那么发射导弹的一方就不会乖乖坐以待毙:一方面他们可以选择,抢在对方的反导体系发挥作用之前发射导弹,规避拦截;另一方面他们也可以选择,先发制人地消灭对方部署在前沿的雷达和拦截系统。无论发射一方选择哪种方案,都将大大提高核战争爆发的风险。因此,用反导系统遏制住对手的核报复能力,将会破坏战略稳定性,鼓励对手采取先发制人的打击策略。

对于中国来说,自2006年起公开宣示的“自卫防御的核战略”,其关键就在于可靠的核报复能力。如果敌人没有把握在先发制人中彻底消灭中国的核报复能力,而中国在经受了核打击后又能够突破对手的反导拦截,将核武器投送到敌国领土上,那么中国领导人就没有必要在危机中发动先发制人的打击。然而这一平衡将会随着在韩部署“萨德”系统而被打破。中国领导人的不安,也将使得美国面临着危机时刻遭到先发制人打击的危险,即中美战略稳定性的丧失。尤其考虑到,中国的反介入/区域拒止能力主要依靠各型弹道导弹,中美在常规武器的冲突中也将面临战略上的不稳定。设想,如果中美在台海发生冲突,那么为了保证弹道导弹对美国海空力量的打击,中国就有极强的动机去先发制人清除驻韩美军的“萨德”系统,这将造成中美危机的不可控升级。

总之,美国在韩部署“萨德”系统,将成为中国周边战略安全的重大隐患,其威胁不啻于苏联在古巴针对美国部署的导弹。有鉴于中韩、中美、韩美以及朝鲜核问题的多方利益交织,这一事件的波澜将继续持续一段时间,并成为东北亚战略安全的一个绊脚石。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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