春节古时称“元旦”

2019-02-02 16:31:42    北京日报

然而,民间延续了上千年的农历正月初一过年的习俗,却是一纸行政命令难以改变的。虽然有种种禁令,老百姓还是继续欢天喜地过他们的大年。1934年初,南京国民政府不得不承认“对于旧历年关,除公务机关,民间习俗不宜过于干涉。”民间又可以名正言顺地过农历春节了。

1949年9月27日,中国人民政治协商会议第一次全体会议通过决议,规定春节放假3天,正式以法令的形式确认了春节的地位。

年节系列之一

腊八 “腊祭”传统和佛教文化的融合

“小孩小孩你别馋,过了腊八就是年。”在传统的农业社会里,到了腊八,就进入过年的气氛里了。

那么,腊八节是怎么来的?

在中国上古时代,“腊”本是一种祭礼。在商朝,人们用猎获的禽兽举行春、夏、秋、冬四次大祀,祭祀祖先和天地神灵,保佑百姓五谷丰登,共享太平。这四次大祀之中以冬祀的规模最大,也最隆重,后来称为“腊祭”。因此,人们就将举办腊祭的农历十二月称为“腊月”,将冬祭这天称为“腊日”。

腊日在早期并没有固定的日期,一般在岁末的最后几天。汉武帝颁布《太初历》,确定以冬至后第三个戌日为腊日,时间大约在冬至后第三十七天,介于大寒与立春两个节气之间。

到了南北朝时期,农历十二月初八被固定为“腊祭日”。这个日期的变化,应该和当时佛教节日的渗入有关。南北朝时期佛教大举传入中国,人们相信农历十二月初八是佛祖释迦牟尼成佛的日子。这一天各个寺院僧尼都要聚在一起共同纪念佛祖成佛,同时大兴佛会,施舍腊八粥。

因为腊八节和腊日离得很近,而腊日祭祀祖先的活动逐渐转移到元日新年时进行,腊日的祭祀活动逐渐式微,人们渐渐地将腊日移至腊八节来过了。

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