春节古时称“元旦”

2019-02-02 16:31:42    北京日报

公历1912年1月1日,孙中山在南京宣誓就任临时大总统,宣告中华民国临时政府成立,同时发布《临时大总统宣言书》,宣言书末尾所署时间为“大中华民国元年元旦”。随后,孙中山下令改用公历纪年,并以 1912年1月1日作为中华民国建元的开始。

当年2月18日(壬子年正月初一),民间继续过传统新年,其他传统节日也照旧。只是新年不能称为元旦了,不免有点儿名不正言不顺。

1913年7月,当时任内务总长的朱启钤呈上一份报告,称:“我国旧俗,每年四时令节,即应明文规定,拟请定阴历元旦为春节,端午为夏节,中秋为秋节,冬至为冬节,凡我国民都得休息,在公人员,亦准假一日。”自此,农历岁首就由以往的“元日”“元旦”改称“春节”。所以,“春节”的叫法不过才有百年的历史。而过去在古代传统中,“春节”只是对立春日的称呼。

1928年,东北易帜,蒋介石以国民政府的名义发表宣言,通告“统一完成”。国民党开始强力推行“国历”(阳历),并将旧历视为“废历”。

1929年春节前,刚到任3个多月的山东省主席孙良诚便发布了“禁过春节”的通令,禁止商民过旧历年,声明自农历小年起禁屠,过年勒令各商开门,照常营业,并指派密探,凡有见面贺恭喜者,罚洋五元。1930年,政府重申:“移置废历新年休假日期及各种礼仪点缀娱乐等于国历新年:(一)凡各地人民应将废历新年放假日数及废历新年前后所沿用之各种礼仪娱乐点缀,如贺年、团拜、祀祖、春宴、观灯、扎彩、贴春联等一律移置国历新年前后举行;(二)由党政机关积极施行,并先期布告人民一体遵照办理,废历新年不许放假,亦不得假藉其他名义放假。”据时人记述,春节期间警察到关门停业的商店,强迫其开门营业,并将元宝茶及供祀的果品捣毁,有的还处以罚金,“甚至乡间售卖历本的小贩,亦一并捉去拘役”。

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