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裸体与易装癖:穿在身上的耻感和灵感

2016-01-21 09:05:54   新周刊 文/邓娟

当然,佩里不是靠着异装癖就能成为特纳奖得主、英国皇家艺术学院院士、英国骑士勋章获得者以及伦敦艺术大学校长;如果只是一个纯粹的异装癖达人,他也不可能被那些高端“趴体”请去当座上宾。他是个除了有才华还具备批判精神的艺术家。

爱上陶瓷这件事,佩里认为也和异装癖有所关联。“我穿女装是因为自尊心比较低,人们认为扮成女人出门很低级。”最早他依恋陶器特有的那种女性化的温柔、踏实、被蹂躏的气质,但是从大学在夜校学制陶的第一件作品开始,他一直表现的却是各种阴暗面:被性侵的女人、残疾的纳粹分子、有药物依赖的女孩、接收性虐待狂的医院……“我一生都很感兴趣的东西:宗教、怪诞性行为、阶级、品位以及民俗艺术”,始终是他的创作主题。

相当一段时期里,主流社会无法接纳佩里,无论是他的陶瓷艺术还是异装嗜好,《卫报》评论他的作品时用的题目是《如果我有一把斧头》,这让佩里感到很受伤。

但主流社会同样势利且意志不坚,在2003年获得特纳奖后,理解和赞誉伴随着成功朝佩里扑面而来,连他的复制作品都卖到一万英镑,更不用说原作。再后来他穿着女装,在大英博物馆晚宴和大使及政府官员们坐在一起,当有外国人感到诧异时,在场的英国人已习以为常地说:“噢,这是格雷森。”

古希腊少女的赤身裸体,绝无任何不正当之处,没有任何春情或者淫荡。

人们眼中的艺术家通常都是拧巴的,从内心到外表。艺术家对待服装的态度上,还有一种比奇装异服更彻底的表达,那就是——脱,或者干脆裸。

巴塞尔展每年都是艺术界的盛事,今年6月17日,瑞士巴塞尔VIP预展的头条却被一名全身上下只穿运动鞋的女艺术家抢走。拥有一张漂亮脸蛋和苗条身材且从不吝啬展示它们的麦洛·摩尔,将相机安装在三脚架上,询问身边那些透露着猎奇和尴尬的围观者是否愿意跟她合影。“你们都这么害羞吗?”她说,还像狼一样吹起口哨。

麦洛·摩尔很快被清场了,她其实早就进了巴塞尔的黑名单。她曾经全裸参观画展、全裸搭乘德国列车,另一件引起巨大争议的作品是把一枚涂色的鸡蛋塞进生殖器。即使是另外一些艺术家也不太赞成麦洛·摩尔的这些“行为艺术”,看起来她比曲高和寡的艺术家更像一个不分场合的天体主义者。

说起来,人类的裸体历史比服饰历史久远多了,可裸体等同行为艺术这种观念,是怎么被拿来和艺术家绑定,植入观众的脑海里的呢?

最早,艺术家只是在别的载体上表现人体之美。美索不达米亚出土的一件公元前2000年的雕塑,女性的臂、臀、腿被明显夸大,乳房反而很小,透露着初民时代的拙朴和纯真。古希腊时期,人们有在特定仪式场所裸体的习俗,历史学家普鲁塔克记录当时运动会的情景:“尽管少女们确乎是这样公开地赤身裸体,却绝感不到有什么不正当的地方,这一切的运动都充满嬉戏之乐,并没有任何的春情或者淫荡。”从文艺复兴到工业革命,从浪漫主义到现实主义,西方艺术史上涌现了大量裸体题材,其中不乏名家名作。

现代意义的行为艺术起源于1960年代,小野洋子是典型的行为艺术家,1964年她表演的《切片》,邀请观众一一走上舞台,用剪刀剪去她衣服的一片,直到最后全身赤裸,以此表达在相互疏离又渴望的社会个体之间产生的伤害。更广为人知的还有她和约翰·列侬喊出“要做爱,不要作战”的《上床》,以及那张他赤身裸体偎依在她怀里的著名照片。

越来越多艺术家争先恐后地以自己的身体为载体,出现了许多浑水摸鱼的炒作,日积月累的印象,使得观众将裸体与行为艺术产生了强烈关联。金星在电视节目做过一期“行为艺术”的讨论,这位勇敢选择变性的现代舞艺术家认为,如果一件作品能引发观众产生相应思考,便是好作品;如果只能停留在表面的行为,那就是失败的作品——这或许道出了小野洋子和麦洛·摩尔的区别。

格雷森·佩里也有类似观点,他反对杜尚“一切都可以是艺术品”的理念:“很多人都认为这是一个后现代的艺术世界,但艺术和非艺术之间还是有界限的。”

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