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现代英国的基因:依旧说不尽的莎士比亚

2016-03-10 09:07:42   三联生活周刊 蒲实

世人谁不知莎士比亚?我们阅读莎翁剧作,大概是从中学语文课本里的《威尼斯商人》片段开始的。那时我们十来岁的心灵就认识到,夏洛克是“资本主义原始积累时期高利贷吸血鬼的典型”和“一个在基督教社会里受欺侮的犹太人”。长大一点,又在英语课本里读到介绍环球剧院的豆腐块小文章,题为《世界皆舞台,众人皆演员》(All the world's a stage,and we are merely players)。后来知道,这是莎翁《皆大欢喜》里的句子,做了一小点改动。等能读点英语书了,发现对莎士比亚的引用俯首皆是,要是他被纳入某种类似论文统计系统的数据库,很可能是人类历史上引用次数最高的作者。美剧英剧和好莱坞也对莎士比亚念念不忘,津津乐道。BBC的历史剧系列《空冠王》(The Hollow Crown)和迷你剧《莎士比亚重现》(Shakespeare Retold)是对莎翁的英国式演绎和改编,美国如《莎翁情史》(Shakespeare in Love)这样的电影(对《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的演绎)和如《纸牌屋》(The House of Cards)这样的热剧(源自《麦克白》的现代白宫故事),都让人感到,随时间的流逝,莎翁离我们反而越来越近,而不是越来越远。

依旧说不尽的莎士比亚

为什么莎翁这么耐读耐看,被不断解读、演绎和改变,400多年来经久不衰?“一千个人心中有一千个哈姆雷特”,这个源自莎翁的谚语式句子,可能正好恰如其分地诠释了莎剧的开放性特点。复旦大学的莎学专家陆谷孙清晰地阐释过开放性,它的好处“就在于能无限、无限、无限地延伸开去”。莎士比亚的戏就像一个开放的容器那样延绵不断,总是有很多产生怀疑、引起争论的不确定因素,但怎么争论都不会有定论。比如,威尼斯的摩尔人奥赛罗,他的肤色究竟有多黑?这是没有明确规定的。奥赛罗的扮演者可以是非洲黑人,也可以是棕色皮肤的摩尔人,还可以是孟加拉土著。《麦克白》里的巫婆在舞台上也有很多扮相,三个黑人,一黑二白,两个亚洲人搭一个高加索人,都出现过。他的文本也是开放的,可以无限的阐释。比如,他的10部英国历史剧,从《约翰王》到《亨利八世》,叙述了英格兰如何从金雀花王朝过渡到都铎王朝的历史,讲述了一个完整的“英国故事”。这部英国史诗以英格兰国家为主人公,君王是其人格化体现。它们当然表达了莎士比亚的历史观、政治观和君主观,但后人对这些历史剧文本意义结构和母题的理解却是无穷无尽的。可以说它们从君权神授和基督教的角度关照人格化国家罪与罚、堕落与拯救的命运,也可以理解为它们在讨论君王合法性来源的问题,还可以解读为这些君王的自我成长——像亨利五世这位莎士比亚眼中的理想国君,就通过成为真正的自己和真正的人而成为真正的王者,人与王,王与国浑然一体。开放性还让各种改编、再创作乃至解构成为可能。美国作家约翰·厄普代克就以小说《葛特鲁德与克劳狄斯》解构了《哈姆雷特》(哈姆雷特的母亲与他的叔父是长时间里真心相爱的,嫁给他父亲才是政治联姻);英剧《莎士比亚重现》在现代场景里重新诠释莎士比亚原型人物的同时,也解构和重构着如麦克白这样的原型人物的心理、人格与动机;你可以说《奥赛罗》的主题是奥赛罗被伊阿古欺骗弑妻,也可以分析出它的母题是一个异乡人无法克制的不安全感;《哈姆雷特》当然是复仇记,但也是关于自我认同迷失和内心挣扎的故事。正因如此,莎士比亚的剧不是被陈列在博物馆里的古老对开本,而成了一个有生命力的、不断自我丰富的戏剧对话的场域。

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