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当然,随着名气日益增大,麻烦也接踵而至(所谓“名满天下,谤亦随之”)。令他始料不及的是,毁谤他的居然是他的同行师友。尽管笛卡尔 本人自命为虔诚的天主教徒,尤其是1623年伽利略的地动说遭到教廷严谴和封杀之后,他更是诚惶诚恐,生怕有把柄落入敌手,但他的对手显然也并非等闲之辈。他们几乎毫不费力地从笛卡尔的哲学著作中发现了他的异端思想:这位信徒口口声声崇奉的上帝根本就不是奥古斯丁经院哲学体系中的上帝,而是他自造的人类完满理性的化身。其根本目的无非要借此一人造的理性摧毁上帝的信仰——其居心险恶如此,教会焉能不察?所幸的是,对这类哲学纷争,教会高层既不感兴趣,也无力裁决,于是干脆留中不发。然而这一指控对生性怯懦的笛卡尔却产生了毁灭性的影响。他首先想到的是避走荷兰(十七世纪唯一可享受宗教和政治思想自由的国家),潜心科研——在研习了自然这本大书之后,他开始转向对自我的思考;其次,此后很长时间,他都没有公开发表自己的作品,而是将他有违教廷敕令和《圣经》之道的科学新发现以密码形式写进一本秘密手记,其中部分内容直到近半个世纪后才由德国哲学家莱布尼茨破解。哈佛大学数学史系数学家阿米尔·艾克赛尔在近著《笛卡尔的秘密手记》中揭示,从莱布尼茨至今长达两个半世纪的破译工作,确立了笛卡尔作为拓扑学创立者的形象;而二十世纪的天文发现则证明,手记中所隐藏的秘密或许就是宇宙可能的架构。但所有这一切相加,其分量都不及以下的这一惊天秘密:笛卡尔不仅像他的对手所攻击的那样蔑视教廷权威,更有甚者,他还是正统天主教(以及耶稣会)的死敌——蔷薇十字会(Rose of the Cross)的隐秘会员。
蔷薇十字会是十七世纪在德国创立的秘密会社(时至今日在全球范围影响巨大的共济会据说便导源于此),其标记是十字架上的蔷薇花。由于该组织内部纪律严明,壁垒森严,外人莫名其妙,于是关于它的传闻更平添若干神秘色彩。传说,最早的蔷薇十字会是由耶稣门徒马可于公元46年创立的,他在罗马、埃及和中东地区四处奔走,成功说服亚历山大港一位诺斯替主义者皈依,而后将此一组织发扬光大。值得注意的是,十字会的教义不仅与犹太教、基督教和埃及神秘教有关,它与伊斯兰教也有千丝万缕的联系——而其中的纽带,便是会员中为数众多的炼金术士。
“炼金术”一词源于阿拉伯语,实际上乃是埃及人古已有之(在基督教时代之前)的一种将熔炼与萃取相结合的方术。到公元四世纪,它将希腊赫尔墨斯主义和东方魔法相融合,由此取得历史性进展。其理念乃是基于事物是活的并且会自发生长这一源自古老东方的哲学假设——借助一定的仪式,事物可以受到影响而转化至更高的形式。因此,从某种意义上讲,炼金术并不仅仅致力于寻求哲学家的点金石——将金属变为黄金,在更深层次,它是致力于寻求灵魂的净化,即直接获得神圣知识所需的意识的神秘转化。职此之由,时至十七世纪,炼金术仍然被认为是科学探索的一种途径,在狄德罗等人编纂的《百科全书》中,法国启蒙思想家仍以相当赞赏的口吻对其加以描述。当时著名的炼金术士包括瑞士人帕拉赛尔苏和克里斯蒂安·罗森克鲁兹,而后者正是蔷薇十字会的总导师。
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