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泸定桥又称铁索桥,位于四川省泸定县境内,建于清康熙年间,是历史上连接川藏的唯一通道。
毛泽东同志在《七律·长征》中的一句:“大渡桥横铁索寒”,让红军飞夺泸定桥的壮举变得家喻户晓。这首写于1935年10月红一方面军长征取得胜利时的诗,既是对长征精神的抒情,也是对长征中红军经历的无数惊险战斗的初步总结。短短八句中,“大渡桥”与五岭、乌蒙、金沙、岷山一同位列其中,足见泸定桥上发生的战斗在红军长征中的重要地位。
蒋介石对大渡河围堵红军的作用十分看重,并决计在此消灭红军。中央红军渡过金沙江后,经会理、德昌、泸沽向大渡河挺进。这条路线与72年前太平天国翼王石达开渡过金沙江后走的路线非常相似。因为此处只有这一条道可走,左为天险雅砻江和大雪山山脉,右为地势更为复杂、无法补充给养的彝区大凉山。蒋介石认为此时全歼中央红军时机已到,遂调动近20万军队,企图将中央红军围歼于金沙江以北、大渡河以南、雅砻江以东地区。他在电报中说,“大渡河是太平天国石达开大军覆灭之地,今共军入此汉彝杂处、一线中通、江河阻隔、地形险要、给养困难的绝地,必步石军覆辙,希各军师长鼓励所部建立殊勋”。
红军开始选择的渡河地点在安顺场。红军到达大渡河南岸安顺场虽然占领了渡口,但危机并没有因此解除。由于安顺场水深流急,无法架设浮桥,而红军仅找到4只小船,大部队难以迅速过河。5月26日,毛泽东同周恩来、朱德到达安顺场,听取刘伯承、聂荣臻的汇报后,决定中央红军主力火速抢占距离安顺场320里的泸定桥。由林彪率红一军团第二师和红五军团为左纵队,沿大渡河右岸前进;由刘伯承、聂荣臻率红一军团第一师为右纵队,沿大渡河左岸前进,互相策应,限期夺取泸定桥。在后有追兵的危急情势下,能否夺取大渡河唯一的这座桥梁——泸定桥,就成为红军是否能够胜利渡河、脱离险境的关键。
飞夺泸定桥要“能飞”和“敢夺”
飞夺泸定桥首先要“能飞”。红军不但要行军,同时还要与阻击的敌军作战。泸定桥距安顺场320里,全是山路,一面是悬崖陡壁,一面是奔腾咆哮的大渡河,河边是坎坷不平的羊肠小道。从安顺场到泸定桥,作为左纵队前锋的红二师四团27日早上从安顺场出发,一面行军,一面打仗,头一天行程仅80余里。次日凌晨,朱德命令左、右两纵队之先头部队,要他们29日赶到泸定桥。这样余下的240里要在一天时间走完,何况当时还下着大雨,其困难可想有多大。在红四团向泸定桥急行军的时候,对岸川军刘文辉的部队向泸定桥增援。后来对岸敌人累得不行宿营了,红四团战士还在拼命往前赶,最后硬是创造了一天一夜急行军240里的奇迹,于29日清晨抢占了泸定桥的西桥头。红军行军的速度远远出乎蒋介石的意料。5月29日泸定城被红军攻下时,刘文辉才向蒋介石报告安顺场战事。30日,蒋介石对红军夺取泸定桥一事还一无所知。
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