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康熙时期的创新是怎么消失的?

2016-04-30 09:59:35   新华网

创新会消失,如果这个社会不需要、创新没有价值的话。

中国明末社会是个对引入创新热情洋溢的社会,中国产品与美洲白银嵌入全球贸易链,大量传教士进入中国,数学、天文、军事等获得了长足进展,明清交替之际的战场上,“红夷大炮”起到关键作用。

上海人都知道徐家汇,明崇祯朝礼部尚书兼文渊阁大学士徐光启所葬之处,徐光启可以说是睁开眼睛看西方现代文明的代表性人物。徐光启与传教士利玛窦成为挚友,他翻译了《几何原本》前六卷,为李之藻与利玛窦合译的《同文算指》、为熊三拔编著的介绍天文仪器的《简平仪说》等书写了序言。主持修撰了著名的《崇祯历书》,还是兵器与农业实验方面的行家,撰写《农政全书》,如果说中国有百科全书式的人物,徐光启算是一个。

这股西学热在清初余波未消。

康熙就是其中的传人。据传教士南怀仁记载,康熙日理万机,每天也要学习两三个小时。教授知识的传教士们往往都是天刚亮进宫,下午三四点钟才出宫。他让传教士督造便于南方山地的轻便火炮,绘制全国地图。他抿着葡萄酒,学着拉丁文,经常坐在院子里观察天象,钦天监监正可以是洋传教士。为此还收藏了很多测量仪器,不仅有传教士进贡的纯西方仪器,还有康熙谕令造办处制造的中西合璧的测量仪器。

康熙最喜欢的是数学,包括几何、代数,尤其是喜欢摆弄各种数学测量工具,如半圆仪、圆规、几何多面体模型,还有世界最先进的盘式手摇计算机。据法国传教士白晋回忆,康熙把业余时间全部放在数学上保持了两年时间。当然,也有康熙学不会的。传教士《阿尔热巴拉新法》第一节主要说明了使用符号代数的优点,但康熙跟阿哥们学怎么也学不会,在圣旨中有些恼羞成怒地说:“每日同阿哥等察阿尔热巴拉新法,自难明白。他说比旧法易,看来比旧法愈难。还有言者甲乘甲,乙乘乙,总无数目,即乘出来亦不知多少。看起来想是此人算法平平尔。”这与康熙面对群臣炫耀自己对太阳阴影的计算能力,完全不是一种感受。

康熙的抽象思维还需要提升,但也不至于因为恼羞成怒就把算术、天文、测绘等一笔勾销。巨变是在雍正时期,驱逐传教士,某些士绅对西洋望远镜等“奇技淫巧”的抗议声大片响起,到清末洋务运动之前,中国始终停顿在传统的农业社会之中。李鸿章等人到真正看到坚船利炮之后才大吃一惊,陷入苦思之中。

清初就有测绘师、有地球仪,但笔者看到的清末西方人所著的笔记中,普通百姓看到西方测绘师新鲜不已,当时民间对于西方人、对于地球仪一窍不通,还是看作“奇技淫巧”,在废除八股时如丧考妣。

明末好不容易得到的创新失去了,自然科学断档,中国成为“没有数目字管理的社会”,是中国人特别愚昧?不是。

在著名的人类学著作《枪炮、病菌与钢铁》中,作者举出了相同的创新丧失的例子。公元前3400年左右在黑海附近出现了轮子,此后几百年迅速传播到欧亚大陆的许多地区。在遥远的美洲大陆上,墨西哥土著人凭借自己的聪明才智也发明出了轮子,并且发明了带车轴和轮子的==陶瓷玩具车。但那是作为玩具用的,从来没有被用于农耕与交通,在欧亚大陆轮子则成为重要的生产力。如果大家记得可爱的美洲羊驼的话,那是在公元前3000年在安第斯山脉中部驯化的,过了5000年,轮子和羊驼还没有碰头,而且,羊驼不可能像牛一样被拉上套,所以在牲畜引入之前,墨西哥羊驼除了当玩具没有其他用处。

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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