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金日成如何走上权力顶峰?

2016-04-14 09:11:59   二十一世纪 沈志华

第四,反对派失败的关键原因,是苏联对处理朝鲜党问题态度的转变。劳动党的个人崇拜问题,既是金日成的致命弱点,也是反对派的手中武器。起初苏联领导人出于对劳动党中央抵制苏共二十大方针的不满,支持对金的个人崇拜错误提出批评,同时也主动找金谈话。正是这一消息的走漏(尽管可能不是苏联人的责任),给反对派发起行动增强了动力。后来由于担心社会主义阵营思想混乱、局势动荡,莫斯科在批判个人崇拜问题上的态度有所软化,又明确表态反对采取激烈方式批评金,其结果既为金鼓了劲,也给反对派泄了气,这场政治较量的天平便明显地一边倒了——真是“成也萧何,败也萧何”。

最后,关于这段历史还有一个很重要的问题:中国在其中扮演了甚么角色?有一些说法笔者很难苟同。姜相浩回忆说,“密谋者与中国大使馆有一条秘密联络渠道”,有学者据此认为,反对派始终与中国大使馆保持着密切联系,甚至“整个事件有可能就是由中国煽动起来的”{37}。多年后金日成的一个说法更是自欺欺人,他说反对派“敢于闹,是因为彭德怀给他们撑腰”{38}。根据现有史料,可以确定的是,1956年7月苏联领导人与金会谈后,向中共中央通报了会谈情况。但具体内容不详,中共也没有做出反应{39}。另据俄国档案记载,8月3日中国驻朝使馆参赞曹克强拜会彼得罗夫时说,“在与中国使馆工作人员的会谈中,个别朝鲜同志对中国如何对待个人崇拜的问题颇感兴趣”,而使馆的答复都是遵循《人民日报》的口径{40}。这个说法与笔者采访金忠植的记录完全吻合。在回答“延安派”干部是否与中国使馆进行联系的问题时,金忠植说中国使馆的态度很冷淡,或者避而不见,或者含糊其辞{41}。8月17日伊万诺夫拜访中国使馆,从他挑选的这个会面时间来看,苏联人很可能是想了解一下中国对朝鲜政局的立场。但乔晓光大使只谈到了一个情况,即关于朝鲜希望中国在五年计划中提供何种援助,目前仍未向使馆做任何通报,有可能会在金日成率团出席中共第八次全国代表大会时提出这个问题{42}。

看起来,中国对当时朝鲜党内斗争的详细情况似乎既不了解,也不关心{43}。不过,事情很快就发生了变化。反对派干部逃亡中国几天后,中共中央不仅卷入了劳动党“八月事件”,而且成为主要角色。于是,劳动党内部的派系斗争便演化为社会主义阵营里的一场政治斗争。

2016年2月号目录

二十一世纪评论

走出宣传型国家?

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