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金日成如何走上权力顶峰?

2016-04-14 09:11:59   二十一世纪 沈志华

笔者把上述过程和情况归纳起来,提出以下几点看法,与学界同仁商讨:

第一,以往关于“八月事件”的描述,多把发起者称为“延安派”,此议不妥。其一,劳动党内各派,除“南方派”以外,“延安派”和“苏联派”并没有形成真正的派别,也没有组织活动{35};其二,原有各派干部内部即使有一些个人之间的联系,经过几次政治清洗和重新站队,到1956年初早已打乱了原来的干部结构,4月劳动党第三次代表大会(劳动党三大)时领导机构的形成就很能说明问题;其三,反对金日成的骨干力量当中,固然“延安派”人数为多,但也有“苏联派”和“国内派”不少人,如朴昌玉、金承化、高峰起等;其四,金的支持者当中,也不乏原“苏联派”、“国内派”甚至“延安派”的干部。既然不能证明“延安派”在这次事件中单独成立了地下组织,或以该组织为核心发起了反对金的行动,那么就很难把这次政治斗争说成是“延安派”组织或指挥的。其实,这次政治斗争是所有对金及其支持者不满的干部策动的,所以将他们统称为党内“反对派”可能比较合适。

第二,反对派的核心人物的确是原“延安派”的干部,即徐辉、尹公钦和李弼奎。刚一发现苗头不对,首先逃跑的就是此三人(金刚只是协助逃亡者),这很能说明问题。崔昌益、朴昌玉、金承化、李相朝都积极参与了这场斗争,但似乎还不是策划者或中心人物。金枓奉只是外围人物,是反对派积极争取的对象。最不合理的,是把崔庸健认定为反对派努力争取的中心人物,甚至把反对派失败的原因归结为崔的“出卖”或“背叛”{36}。崔一直是金日成的追随者,特别是金在1955年力排众议,把他推上中央副委员长的宝座,1956年出国时又委托他镇守国内,这些情况所有干部都看在眼里,反对派怎么可能对崔寄予厚望,而把身家性命交与一个金的心腹?当事人的这种说法,不过是为了争取支持而壮大声势,或为斗争失败推脱责任。

第三,关于“八月事件”的性质,应该说是一次党内合法的政治斗争。首先这肯定不是后来劳动党给反对派定罪时所说的“军事政变”,反对派手里既没有军权,也不掌控警察,如何组织和发动武装政变?其次把反对派的活动说成是“反党阴谋”也没有根据,他们的活动几乎没有甚么秘密,一方面不断向苏联使馆报告,争取支持;另一方面到处游说,发动各种反金日成的力量,哪还有甚么“阴谋”?他们最初是希望通过开展批评和自我批评这种最传统的党内斗争方式夺取金的领导权,或至少达到“清君侧”的目的,只是后来发现既没有足够的力量,也无法得到苏联的支持,于是只好孤注一掷,在中央全会上公开站出来指责金,试图在党内争取支持,做最后的拼搏。

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