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韩国围棋如何从中日夹缝中崛起?
2016-03-10 10:19:44 澎湃新闻 郭晔旻
经过互相学习、交流,朝鲜半岛也出现了一些棋艺高超的棋手,新罗时代的棋手朴球曾在唐朝担任过“棋待诏”,这个九品芝麻官最主要也是最重要的工作,就是等待皇帝的诏书,陪侍皇帝下棋,朴球就与唐德宗一起下过棋。能担任“棋待诏”的自然非围棋高手莫属,而朴球其人归国临别时,张乔赋诗《送棋待诏朴球归新罗》感叹,“海东谁敌手,归去道应孤”,足见朴球堪称当时的半岛棋王。
夹在中日之间
与中国的情况类似,作为“文人四友”(琴棋书画)之一的围棋,只不过是朝鲜士大夫休闲娱乐的一种方式,并没有登上大雅之堂。到了李朝(1392-1910年)时期,朝鲜的围棋水平甚至已落到东邻日本之下,据说,在日本德川幕府早期的元和(1615-1624)年间,朝鲜围棋高手李祠史访日,与当时日本围棋第一人、担任“名人棋所”的一世本因坊算砂对局,结果本因坊算砂口出大言,非要让其三子。结果一局下来,李祠史还真输了,而且输得服服帖帖。结果在幕府时期就形成了一个惯例,外国人与日本名人对局,一律“先摆三子”,虽然在长达二百多年的锁国时期,有幸来江户(今东京)与日本名人交流的却只有琉球棋手而已……

一世本因坊算砂
李朝后期,清日各自闭关锁国,李朝与两者的文化接触只限于为数寥寥的使节(到北京的叫“燕行使”,到江户的叫“通信使”);朝鲜半岛的围棋也在这种无人交流的局面下走入歧途。李朝的贵族被称为“两班”,以讲究繁文缛节著称。这种文化也被他们带到了围棋棋盘之上,发展出了朝鲜特有的“巡将(顺丈)”围棋:双方对弈之前要摆上“座子”,黑子9个,白子8个,然后白先黑后。这与当时的中日围棋都已迥然不同,中国传统围棋的“座子”是黑白在对角星各放两子,而日本干脆已经废除了“座子”——与现代围棋一样。
明治维新之后,日本国势抬头,在东亚三国可谓一枝独秀,日本围棋也随之跃升为世界领先。这一时期,朝鲜围棋与日本围棋以一种并不令人乐见的方式重新开始了交流。近代朝鲜历史上一位不能不提的人物是金玉均,他既是朝鲜末年近代启蒙的开化派急先锋,又是朝鲜铁杆的亲日派;既是太极旗(今韩国国旗)的创制者,也是1884年因清军介入而失败的“甲申政变”的始作俑者;而他在1894年被朝鲜政府派出的刺客于上海刺杀,遗体运回国后以大逆不道之名示众,也是为日本发动甲午战争提供的舆论口实之一。
责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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