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蒋介石曾与日本争夺毒品市场 聚敛毒资剿共

2016-01-22 11:43:18   长江日报

但是,杜月笙得到的不只是金钱。当他回出生地老家高桥村修缮的一座古庙落成启用时,8万名宾客登门道贺。除了收到60万元礼金之外,上海市长、汪精卫,甚至蒋介石本人都送来匾额。然后,杜月笙就把他最大的吗啡工厂设在高桥。有位美国外交官很好奇,为什么每次蒋介石到上海都要见杜月笙?有个中国官员解释给他听:“蒋委员长到了上海,第一件事就是向杜月笙投名帖……两人之间的关系只是一种安排:杜月笙负责率领他的党羽管束共产党及其他不良分子不轻举妄动,换取他在烟毒、赌博和卖淫业的行动自由。”为了满足杜月笙追求社会地位的欲望,蒋介石指派他为“上海剿共特派员”。不仅如此,他的鸦片专卖生意若是失败,杜月笙还会要求退钱给他——他可是付了政府600万元开办费——宋子文提议以政府公债偿付。不幸的是,宋、杜皆心知肚明,政府公债一文不值。1931年7月23日,倪太夫人逝世当天有人企图杀害宋子文,也就不足为奇。我们可以认定,经过这一幕,要给付杜月笙的退款很快就以现金支付。

直到1933年,杜月笙的组织都以上海法租界为基地。他每个月从鸦片生意可赚600万元,其中约15万元孝敬了法租界警察。可是,法国派了一名海军军官前来调查贪渎,使得这个亲密关系为之叫停。尽管杜月笙派密使携带巨额贿款到巴黎打通关节,中国政府人员也焦虑,希望停止调查,法国当局却决心整肃官箴。新到任的总领事(并不贪污)和曾经出卖过杜月笙的一个前任总警司联名设宴,有好几名赴宴官员竟然食物中毒而死。法国当局认定杜月笙在幕后主使,他被迫退出法租界,在上海华人地界继续做生意。

迁地营业并没太影响杜月笙的生意。他的手下在上海周围有10家吗啡工厂,每个月付国民政府40万元保护费。1932年底,杜月笙要求政府准他垄断全市鸦片专卖生意,他提议愿每月付给财政部300万元,双方果真达成协议。宋子文接替孔祥熙为财政部长,把杜月笙营业大本营所在之虹口特别税局,改划归蒋介石的总部管辖。次月,国民政府委派蒋介石兼管全国缉毒工作。到了1933年5月初,蒋介石的鸦片生意——官方名称是鸦片“查缉”工作——已经运作起来。当年年底,虹口特别税局收到1600万元的鸦片税。有个专家估计,国民政府在全国每个月可收到3千万元左右的鸦片税。

和日本争夺鸦片市场

许多中国知识分子和西方观察家批评蒋介石利用鸦片支应政府费用。但是根据美国驻汉口领事的说法,“鉴于南京政府因为蒋介石极大的军费开销,过去几年已经累积巨额赤字,一般不相信蒋介石会只为了推动公共福祉,切断他在鸦片专卖这方面丰厚的收入来源。”

有位权威专家说:“在华中各省,尤其是湖北和湖南,几乎每个政府组织都得靠鸦片收入来维持。”他引用某地每担(大约60公斤,即中国120斤)鸦片成本400元为例说明。官员要在这个底价上加征320元的一般税、32元的剿共捐、3元2角的中央政府规费、1元5角给地方商会、2元5角给特别货物(鸦片)协会、2元5角给地方女子学校、7元的保护费。在这个总数之上,专卖机关再加上920元。于是乎,鸦片的成本要增加为4倍以上,达到每担1688元7角。

让西方国家生气的是,南京政府继续怪罪列强政府害中国摆脱不了鸦片。伍德海德说:“我们很好奇同一天上午在报纸上读到一家中国通讯社的报道,它说,今年中国全部已有204名鸦片毒贩被枪决;但另一则报道则说,目前中国仍有300万名鸦片或其他毒品吸食成瘾者;(广西)百色的记者又报道说,有一车队载运180万盎司鸦片抵达该地,暂存于缉烟局,等候缴纳税费。”《字林西报》有一则报道说,九江有一海关官员因走私鸦片罪名被捕;事实上,他真正的罪行是“过分热心查缉走私”。或者以《北华捷报》的说法:“丑闻已经太深,只好非办不可。”

1935年,蒋介石撤销查缉烟毒总局,自任缉烟总督办。但是他很快就与日本发生竞争。日本人把他们控制下的华北地区转化为“一大片罂粟田”,提炼鸦片及其他麻醉药品。1937年1月1日,委员长颁布严格法令,规定使用这些麻醉药品为非法行为。根据上海公共租界工部局警察探长巴帕的说法:“中国政府垄断中国各地的鸦片生意,日本人则主宰麻醉药品贩运。因此,中国消灭麻醉药品贩运及吸食习惯,主要影响到日本人……同时,中国人深怕被抓到贩运或吸食麻醉药品会遭到重惩,往往舍麻醉药品而用鸦片,结果造成鸦片使用量上升,政府也因此税收大增。”(据《宋美龄传》[美]汉娜·帕库拉)

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