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蒋介石曾与日本争夺毒品市场 聚敛毒资剿共

2016-01-22 11:43:18   长江日报

蒋介石(资料图)

本文据《宋美龄传》,作者:[美]汉娜·帕库拉,出版社:东方出版社

国民党的“剿共”经费哪里来?蒋介石千方百计地把鸦片市场的交易所得注入“剿共”作战。

蒋介石操控毒品市场

蒋介石时代,孔祥熙、宋子文操纵经济有一个重要因素,即蒋介石需索金钱“剿共”。委员长的“剿共”作战一向耗费不赀,他依靠两个来源取得经费:一是财政部长,一是从毒品生意挤钱。蒋介石如何设法把鸦片市场的交易所得注入“剿共”作战,同时又义正词严下令取缔吸毒,乃是一个成功的政客说一套、做一套最鲜明的例证。

1928年,蒋介石确立他在国民党内领导地位的那一年,设在北京的国际反鸦片协会秘书长抱怨说:“数以百万计的巨款,从鸦片之中挤出来供做军事作战和内部宣传之用。”由于蒋介石必须向西方求助,而西方又推动禁烟毒,使得他表面上必须打出禁用毒品的大旗。他在1928年8月成立全国查缉烟毒总局。他说:“中央政府绝不会从鸦片税中拿到一分一毫。如果各位发现中央把鸦片税当作它收入的主要来源,它就不值得大家信任。”

蒋介石的保证根本是空话。从贩毒生意中赚钱是旧军阀的把戏。虽然冯玉祥疾呼反毒,禁止属下士兵吸毒,但据说他一年即可从鸦片生意得到2000万元的收入。基督将军都如此了,蒋介石也不例外。索克思发现,全国查缉烟毒总局“实质上是发放执照的机关”。“也就是说,你付了钱,取得收据,而收据代表你可以携带这些货,因为你已经缴了罚金了嘛!这就是中国人的理论。查缉烟毒总局就这样收下钱,钱用去养部队。”

蒋介石保证不从鸦片税中拿到一分一毫的那一年,湖北、山西和广西征收到1700万元左右的“禁烟所得”。1930年,13万英镑的鸦片从波斯和印度进口到上海;同一时期,四川、云南也提供好几百吨鸦片,由蒋介石的部队押运保护,沿着中国的“鸦片公路”——长江东进。蒋介石当家执政3年,中国生产的毒品已占全球的八分之七。那一年及次年,国民政府成立鸦片专卖以便逼退竞争者,但新闻媒体群起挞伐,使它放弃此一计划。宋子文以及当时担任行政院长的汪精卫,都支持蒋介石的做法。甚至英国极有影响力的记者伍德海德也支持这个构想,认为这是克服中国经济问题唯一的方法。1931年4月27日的《时代周刊》报道:“财政部长宋子文上周愉快地宣布,中国即将有一套‘新而实际的鸦片政策’……依据宋部长的说法,‘实际的’鸦片政策不能只讲取缔、禁止……如果精明的宋部长能在他的财政部马车上驾驭住鸦片,他或许在未来可以找到方法平衡中国的预算。”

通过杜月笙售卖鸦片

在此之前,杜月笙和青帮已经控制了上海的鸦片生意。青帮协助上海“清共”之后,蒋介石任命杜月笙和黄金荣为国民革命军“荣誉顾问”,并授予少将军阶。委员长在所谓的“更具体的让步”中,把上海地区的鸦片权利交给杜月笙的一家公司,并安排军警协助保护青帮的鸦片运输与仓储。

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