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莎翁的时代是一个什么时代?王后干尸陈列数十年

2016-05-31 09:30:10   北京青年报

看客中有达官显贵,更多是庶民。莎士比亚的戏剧也是最早的大众消费品,花上一便士就能买到站票在剧场里观赏。商业的发展需要都市,需要工人,需要新的生产,也造就新的娱乐。当时的伦敦有10万学徒,这些学徒要七八年才能出师,才能结婚(当时的一般人可能十五六岁就已结婚)。在力比多的驱使之下,这些学徒需要到戏院去找乐子,也可能聚众闹事。剧院自身也有学徒,剧院的生意也需要其他行当学徒的捧场。熙熙攘攘的泰晤士河南岸,应该相类于天桥或是秦淮,勾栏酒肆,说书唱戏,商贾举子齐聚,甚或后者的繁华是前者的数倍不止。

然而消费的发展,在英国可能更没有禁忌,甚至前代帝王的陵墓和物品也成为和戏剧一样的消费品。西敏寺已经有了导游,欧洲的游客花上一个便士就能在导游的引导下找到先王的墓穴,聆听宫廷的故事,甚至王后的干尸几十年后还在陈列,还会被后人亲吻。多么不可思议的情形。

北京和南京不是伦敦效仿的他者,英国人对东方帝国的想像,仍停留在马可·波罗笔下的大都与帖木儿大帝的神勇。在莎士比亚的眼中,魔都是“威尼斯”——当时的全球贸易的中心,自由与享乐的中心,同时也是莎翁许多出戏剧的平台。

从刑场到剧场

莎士比亚的“环球”剧院在泰晤士河南岸,从伦敦城过去,要么乘船,要么走过伦敦桥。十七世纪,叛国者被处以极刑之后仍然会分尸示众,处刑者的头颅就插在伦敦桥的杆子上,让过桥去河南岸看戏的人都能看到。菜市口与天桥毗邻,仿佛法场变化多样的处刑与戏台上的剧目一样,都是群众的娱乐项目。

绞架与戏台在英语里通用一个词,因为都是聚集了看客的地方,而且,似乎在民智未开的年代,大众对“人血馒头”的喜好,中外亦然。买了站票在舞台脚下看戏,和在喧闹的人群中,围观断头台的感觉应该非常类似。想像一下那个袁崇焕在菜市口被凌迟处死的场景,和从刽子手手中争食其肉的氓众。

嗜血的蒙昧与官方的忠君教化共谋。不过,在英国,这样的共谋与另一种“爱国主义”的宣传——对地理大发现与海上争霸掠夺的推崇——并列,让人觉得错位即将到来。

类似的,阶级的观念仍然根深蒂固。官方规定衣物服色,虽然晚明商贾阶层乱用服色已是正常;英国也规定成年男子需要戴毡帽,但是这种规定背后又有重商主义的色彩,因为毡帽出自本地羊毛产品。

莎翁自然也不可能免俗于他的时代。虽然剧团主要依赖商业演出,但是来自君王与贵族的赞助仍是重要的收入,尤其在灾难时期。例如,新王詹姆士一世登基时,伦敦爆发大瘟疫,国王剧团(莎翁的剧团)在别宫汉普顿宫演出,得到103镑的酬劳,还有额外的30镑,作为瘟疫期间封箱的补贴。莎士比亚也很可能为君王亲自撰写溢美之词。据说,把女王描摹为永恒的时钟的《致女王》这首诗,就出自莎士比亚之手,甚至有可能他粉墨登台,亲自在1599年的一次宫廷演剧中朗诵(不知道伊丽莎白二世女王90寿秩,是否有人以此诗祝寿?)

时代的灵魂,世界的莎剧

有人评价莎士比亚,认为“人人都能在莎剧中看到自己命运的镜像”:一方面他是“时代之灵魂”,所有当代的冲突和变革,如地理大发现、以及观察世界新的方式或者新技术新发明,在莎剧中都有所反映。但与此同时,他从来不把自己限制在特定的历史框架之内,会去探究的是人类社会和人生的根本问题,因此他在任何时代都能得到共鸣。

《莎士比亚的动荡世界》书中多次提到了这样跨时空的共鸣。曼德拉就把自己的名字签在了《凯撒》中关于勇气与死亡的段落旁(“懦夫在未死之前,就已经死过好多次,勇士一生只死一次。”),而这部伪装版的莎士比亚全集在为抗争种族隔离而囚禁的斗士的监舍中传递。

4月23日开始,在四公里长的泰晤士河沿岸,莎士比亚的环球剧院持续上演37出戏剧的十分钟浓缩版,而在过去两年到200多个国家巡演的莎剧《哈姆莱特》也将回到环球剧院上演最终的一出。

在描摹晚明的十里秦淮时,有人探讨了一种可能性:商业文明的发展似如脱缰的野马;科考举子的潮聚迸发出朝议的力量;而温柔乡里的名妓,仿佛主持沙龙的名媛,令声息相通者有了肆意讨论的空间,寻芳猎艳倒在其次。那晚明最后的几十年所绽放出的,的确指向了另一种历史的可能。在纪念莎翁逝世400年和那个他肆意的时代之际,我们也不妨去想像下,当《桃花扇》400年的时候,我们该做些什么?

责任编辑:刘畅 CC002
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