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“黑睛小眼”与“碧瞳深目”的对望

2016-08-22 11:47:26   东方早报

近代早期中国人接触到的欧洲人,除了随季风而动的商人和随商船队而来的军旅,最重要的便是西洋传教士群体。很多传教士在华生活十余年甚至数十年,中国人得以与其有更长期、更频繁的接触,近距离端详他们。明末清初来华天主教传教士以耶稣会士为主,他们奉行文化调适策略,来华后学习中文和中国传统文化礼俗,而且在外貌上也为迎合中国人的习惯做了一些改变:穿儒服、蓄发留须。穿儒服是为了把自己塑造成有知识的西来儒者形象,拉近自己与士人阶层的距离,提高社会地位,获得来自中国人的应有尊重,以利于天主教在华的传播。蓄发留须也是为了同样的目的,尤其是要与和尚做区隔。

耶稣会士的调适策略取得了良好效果。利玛窦在韶州期间,与韶州府同知刘承范交游。刘承范后有《利玛传》之作,记其与利玛窦交游经过,其中描述利玛窦相貌云:“其貌则突颡深目,苍颜紫髯,觉有异焉者。”刘承范钦佩利玛窦学识,因此对利玛窦“突颡深目,苍颜紫髯”的相貌,并无美丑的评判,只有异同之比较。利、刘交游于1589-1591年间,此时利玛窦虽尚未易儒服,但应已蓄须,以别于和尚。1592年,利玛窦正式向耶稣会远东巡阅使范礼安提出留胡须、蓄长发、易儒服的请求。

利玛窦离开广东后,经南昌、南京等地一步步北上,在南昌期间(1595-1597),结识了晚明著名书画家、时任九江推官的李日华(1565-1635),并给后者留下了深刻印象。李日华在其《紫桃轩杂缀》中记道:“(利)玛窦紫髯碧眼,面色如桃花,见人膜拜如礼;人亦爱之,信其为善人也。余丁酉秋,遇之豫章,与剧谈,出示国中异物。玛窦年已五十余,如二三十岁人,盖远夷之得道者。”丁酉即万历二十五年(1597年),豫章即南昌。在李日华的语境中,“紫髯碧眼”是赞美之词,再加上利玛窦懂得中国礼仪,又带来朔方异物,难怪“人亦爱之”了。此类对西洋人相貌的赞美,在明末中国文献中并不多见。中国人对西洋人外貌的评价,似取决于该西洋人的“华化”程度,越是懂得中国礼仪、遵从中国规矩、熟读中国儒家经典,越会受到尊重,其容貌在中国人的心目中不仅会被接受,甚至会被美化。

利玛窦去世后,其文化调适的传教策略在来华耶稣会士内部引发不同意见,而且数年后南京教案爆发,四位耶稣会士被捕受审,并最终被驱逐到澳门。意大利耶稣会士王丰肃(Alfonso Vagnone,1568 / 1569-1640)和葡萄牙耶稣会士谢务禄(Alvaro de Semedo, 1586-1658)在南京被抓受审,会审笔录保留至今,我们可以从中看到对两位传教士容貌的记录:“会审得王丰肃,面红白、眉白长、眼深鼻尖、胡须黄色。……又审得谢务禄,面红白色、眼深鼻尖、黄须。”官方审判记录中称这两位传教士为“狡夷”、“犬羊之类”、“蛇豕之奸”,联系此类语境,则“眼深鼻尖”绝非赞美之词,而有鄙视之意。

提及西洋人相貌特征的明末清初中国文献还有很多,但大同小异,不必尽举。从这些文献可以看出,“高鼻深目”(或类似词汇)已成为这一时期中国人对来华欧洲人面部特征的格套式的描述。一方面,“高鼻深目”形象地表现了欧洲人眼睛和鼻子的一般性的、客观的特征,即眼睛深陷、鼻子高耸;另一方面,如果我们进一步追溯,就会发现“高鼻深目”自汉代以来,一直是中国人对域外白色人种的“标准化”描述。

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